The interplay between short-term affective and cognitive dynamics and relationships with well-being and maladjustment

人们在经历压力时刻时的感受不仅仅是他们所遇到的情况的函数。人们不是情绪的被动奴隶，而是可以对他们所经历的情绪做一些事情-也就是说，他们可以调节情绪。情绪调节是认知努力，因为它需要控制处理，特别是控制思想和注意力。例如，一个人可以将注意力从痛苦的刺激中转移出来，这可能会减少情绪上的不安。无法控制自己的情绪可能会产生严重的后果。情绪调节能力受损与身心健康、社会适应不良、工作绩效差和职业倦怠有关;认知控制（又称执行功能）对情感体验的重要性主要通过实验和临床研究揭示。例如，实验研究表明，更成功的情绪调节与更高水平的EF有关，但认知表现水平可能会在情绪调节后降低。临床研究表明，个人调节情绪的方式对抑郁症等情绪障碍的病因和持续性起着至关重要的作用，抑郁症的情绪调节与EF的紊乱有关。然而，迄今为止，EF对情感和情感调节的作用很少在影响人们生活的背景下进行研究，即在日常生活中。其次，EF已被证明随时间变化很大，但这种变化并没有包括在人们如何调节他们的影响随着时间的推移。例如，这种研究可以确定以EF耗尽为特征的抑郁发作的脆弱性关键时期。第三，需要研究认知和情感过程之间的动态相互作用和方向性联系，以及它们如何成为幸福感和（错误）调整的个体差异的函数。本研究建议通过使用生态瞬时评估（EMA）检查日常生活中情感，情感调节和EF之间的联系来解决这些问题。这种方法有可能揭示EF对个人日常生活中情感体验的重要性。此外，该提案建议在这些短期动态与福祉之间建立联系。因此，它可能有助于情绪障碍的早期预防和干预计划的发展。鉴于精神疾病和情绪障碍（特别是情绪障碍和抑郁症预计将成为残疾调整寿命年方面的头号负担疾病）的社会挑战日益增加，揭示情绪功能障碍风险的个体差异的重要性不容低估。

The way people feel when they experience stressful moments is not merely a function of the situation they encounter. People are not passive slaves of their emotions but can do something about the emotions they experience - that is, they can regulate emotions. Emotion regulation is cognitively effortful as it requires controlled processing, in particular, the control of thoughts and attention. For example, one can direct attention away from distressing stimuli and this potentially reduces an emotional perturbation. Not being able to manage one´s feelings may have severe consequences. For instance, impaired emotion regulation capacities have been linked to poor mental and physical health, social maladjustment, poor job performance and burnout.The importance of cognitive control, also referred to as executive functioning (EF), for affective experiences was mainly revealed by experimental and clinical research. Experimental studies revealed, for example, that more successful emotion regulation is related to higher levels of EF, but also that cognitive performance levels may be reduced subsequent to emotion regulation. Clinical research suggests that the way individuals regulate emotions plays a crucial role for the etiology and persistence of mood disorders like depression and that emotion regulation in depression is associated with disturbances in EF.Yet, to date the role of EF for affect and affect regulation has only very rarely been investigated in the context in which they impact people´s lives, namely throughout daily experience. Secondly, EF has been shown to vary considerably over time, yet such variation has not been included in examinations of how people regulate their affect across time. Such research could for instance identify critical periods of vulnerability for depressive episodes characterized by depletion of EF. Thirdly, research is needed that examines the dynamic interplay and directional links between cognitive and affective processes and how they are a function of individual differences in well-being and (mal)adjustment.This research proposal suggests addressing these issues by examining the links between affect, affect regulation, and EF throughout daily life using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), an approach that has the potential to reveal the importance of EF for emotional experiences as individuals go about their daily lives. Moreover, the proposal suggests establishing links between these short-term dynamics and well-being. Thereby, it may contribute to the development of early prevention and intervention programs for mood disorders. Given the increasing societal challenge of psychiatric diseases and mood disorders (with mood disorders and depression in particular being projected to become the number one burdensome disease in terms of disability-adjusted life years) the importance of revealing what underlies individual differences in risk concerning emotional dysfunctioning can hardly be underestimated.