Re-examining links between screen time, health behaviors, and executive functioning: Validating an objective measure of screen exposure in a sample of young children

项目摘要 研究人员认为，屏幕暴露对幼儿发育的不利影响可能会 取决于暴露量，编程类型和使用环境，但很少有研究 我试图用自然主义的、观察的和客观的方法来测量这些变量。 虽然现存的研究结果显示，屏幕暴露和结果之间的大多数负相关， 在认知和社会情感领域的幼儿中，学龄儿童的研究结果喜忧参半。 孩子到目前为止，这一领域的所有研究都是基于父母报告或时间使用日记，这些研究具有良好的- 认识到局限性。没有任何研究使用客观的方法来衡量不同观看平台的屏幕曝光情况 (i.e.,电视、触摸屏、智能手机和电脑）。因此，文献中的混合结果可能 这是由于测量问题。需要进行更多的研究，以系统地检查潜在的不良反应。 儿童的屏幕曝光和发展结果之间的关系。 在本提案中，我们将验证一种新颖而客观的屏幕曝光测量方法， 和质量的屏幕曝光使用一个小型的可穿戴相机，已设计的成员，我们的 调查小组（R21 HD 104164）。将自动分析图像的屏幕类型和数量 使用我们团队开发的人工智能算法。而且我们 将表征围绕儿童的屏幕暴露的特定上下文特征，例如（a）父母 在屏幕曝光期间的存在和参与，以及（B）编程是连续的还是 改变此外，这项研究将是第一个系统地调查儿童的 屏幕曝光，他们的睡眠卫生和他们的身体活动，使用客观测量的每一个 这些变量在孩子的家庭环境中。最后，我们将研究数量与 屏幕使用的质量和执行功能的个体差异在同一样本的幼儿。 受试者（n = 230对亲子）将从一项前瞻性纵向队列研究中抽取，该研究由 NICHD（脑和早期经验研究; R 01 HD 091148）;将在4.5岁时观察一次， 执行功能评估将为家庭提供测量屏幕曝光的设备， 身体活动，并在接下来的一周里睡在家里。这项拟议工作的结果将验证 使用我们的可穿戴相机作为儿童屏幕曝光的第一个客观衡量标准，并将提供 为将来的R 01提案提供必要的数据，以调查早期屏幕曝光对 神经网络的发展对儿童的执行功能和学术潜力很重要。

Project Summary Researchers argue that the detrimental impact of screen exposure on young children’s development may depend on the amount of exposure, the type of programming, and the context of use, yet few studies have attempted to measure each of these variables using naturalistic, observational, and objective methods. Although extant findings reveal mostly negative associations between screen exposure and outcomes for very young children across cognitive and socio-emotional domains, the findings have been mixed for school-aged children. To date, all studies in this area are based on parent report or time-use diaries, which have well- recognized limitations. No study has used an objective measure of screen exposure across viewing platforms (i.e., TVs, touch screens, smart phones and computers) in children. Thus, mixed findings in the literature may be due to measurement issues. Additional research is needed to systematically examine potential adverse relations between children’s screen exposure and developmental outcomes. In this proposal, we will validate a novel and objective measure of screen exposure that will assess quantity and quality of screen exposure using a small wearable camera that has been designed by members of our investigative team (R21 HD104164). Images will be automatically analyzed for the type of screen and amount of screen exposure using artificial intelligence algorithms that have been developed by our team. Moreover, we will characterize specific contextual features surrounding children’s screen exposure such as (a) parental presence and involvement during screen exposure and (b) whether the programming is continuous or changing. In addition, this study will be the first to systematically investigate relationships between children’s screen exposure, their sleep hygiene, and their physical activity using objective measurements of each of these variables in the child’s home environment. Finally, we will look at associations between quantity and quality of screen use and individual differences in executive functioning in the same sample of young children. Participants (n = 230 parent–child dyads) will be drawn from a prospective longitudinal cohort study funded by NICHD (Brain and Early Experience Study; R01 HD091148); they will be seen one time at 4.5 years of age for an executive functioning assessment. Families will be provided with devices to measure screen exposure, physical activity, and sleep in their homes for the following week. Results from this proposed work will validate the use of our wearable camera as the first objective measure of screen exposure in children and will provide necessary data for a future R01 proposal to investigate the impact of early screen exposure on the development of neural networks that are important for executive functions and academic potential in children.