Collaborative Research: Adaptive and nonadaptive mechanisms of phenotypic evolution in response to urbanization
合作研究:响应城市化的表型进化的适应性和非适应性机制
基本信息
- 批准号:2018249
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 42.65万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Standard Grant
- 财政年份:2021
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2021-01-01 至 2024-12-31
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Over half of the world’s population lives in cities, and urban areas are among the fastest growing ecosystems on Earth. Urbanization causes dramatic environmental change, from the conversion of natural areas to buildings and roads, to increased air, water, light, and noise pollution. Urbanization often reduces biodiversity, but it can also affect the way organisms evolve. Organisms that thrive in cities commonly differ in their morphology, behavior, and physiology from populations of the same species in rural areas. How do these differences arise? This project’s focus is one of the most common and visible animals in cities in the United States and abroad: gray squirrels. Gray squirrels provide an ideal model system for exploring the different ways urbanization affects evolution. Gray squirrels have two common coat colors – gray and melanic – that are determined by a single gene. The melanic form used to be common in much of the northeastern United States, but today it is abundant primarily in cities. Why did melanic squirrels decline in rural forests but persist in cities? Results from this project will shed light on fundamental questions about how urbanization affects the way organisms evolve, that is, the degree to which evolutionary change in cities and surrounding rural areas is due to natural selection, chance, or a combination of both. The project will engage thousands of citizen scientists and students in recording observations of squirrel coat colors and collectively measuring in their backyards how evolution is shaped by urbanization. The research will address longstanding questions about urban evolution specifically and evolutionary biology more generally and help guide efforts to enhance biodiversity and human well-being in cities.The research will integrate demographic and genomic approaches across 10 replicate cities to understand how melanism evolved in response to urbanization. First, spatial variation in melanism will be characterized in each city to test whether melanism consistently declines from the urban core into rural forests. Second, genomic tools will be used to investigate the degree to which changes in melanism from urban to rural areas are driven by adaptive natural selection versus nonadaptive processes, including chance introductions and dispersal through the urban environment. Third, experiments will be conducted to understand the causes of natural selection, testing the idea that urbanization alters vulnerability of different morphs to different sources of mortality in cities and rural forests. Citizen scientists will be engaged in an online experiment to measure the visibility of each morph in urban and rural environments, and predation rates on the morphs will be compared in each environment.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
世界上一半以上的人口生活在城市,城市地区是地球上增长最快的生态系统之一。城市化造成了巨大的环境变化,从自然区域到建筑物和道路的转变,到空气、水、光和噪音污染的增加。城市化往往会减少生物多样性,但也会影响生物的进化方式。在城市中茁壮成长的生物通常在形态、行为和生理上与农村地区的同种种群不同。这些差异是如何产生的?这个项目的重点是在美国和国外的城市中最常见和可见的动物之一:灰松鼠。灰松鼠为探索城市化影响进化的不同方式提供了一个理想的模型系统。灰松鼠有两种常见的毛色-灰色和黑色-这是由一个单一的基因。黑色素形式曾经在美国东北部的大部分地区很常见,但今天它主要在城市中很丰富。为什么黑松鼠在农村森林中数量减少,但在城市中却持续存在?该项目的结果将揭示城市化如何影响生物进化方式的基本问题,即城市和周边农村地区的进化变化在多大程度上是由于自然选择,机会或两者的结合。该项目将吸引数千名公民科学家和学生记录对松鼠毛色的观察,并在他们的后院集体测量城市化如何塑造进化。该研究将解决长期存在的关于城市进化的问题,特别是更普遍的进化生物学,并帮助指导提高城市生物多样性和人类福祉的努力。该研究将在10个复制城市中整合人口统计学和基因组学方法,以了解黑变病是如何在城市化过程中进化的。首先,在黑化的空间变化将在每个城市的特点,以测试黑化是否一贯下降,从城市核心到农村森林。第二,基因组工具将被用来调查的程度,从城市到农村地区的黑变驱动的适应性自然选择与非适应性的过程,包括机会引进和通过城市环境的传播。第三,将进行实验,以了解自然选择的原因,测试城市化改变了城市和农村森林中不同形态对不同死亡来源的脆弱性的想法。公民科学家将参与一项在线实验,以测量城市和农村环境中每种变体的可见度,并比较每种环境中变体的捕食率。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命,并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估,被认为值得支持。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(3)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
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