Pathways to Power: The Political Representation of Citizens of Immigrant Origin in Seven European Democracies

路径是英国、法国、德国和荷兰大学的社会科学家紧密结合的国际合作和比较项目，旨在增进两个领域的知识：(A)移民公民在七个欧洲国家(英国、法国、德国、希腊、意大利、荷兰和西班牙)在国家和区域一级(有意义的区域议会)的立法议会中的描述性代表；(B)首次移民代表的议会活动(实质性代表)。这些是我们的因变量。在第二步中，我们将寻求建立、测试并(在必要时)扩展对我们观察到的代表变化的解释。关于描述性代表性，我们的目标是收集七个欧洲民主国家国家和地区各级政府中首席信息官在议会“存在”的差异的数据，并从年龄、性别、民族出身、职业和政治历史等方面进行分析，并研究影响首席信息官获得民选职位的主要社会经济、政治和体制因素。关于实质性代表性，我们的目标是研究七个国家首席信息官议会活动的差异和相似之处，并分析描述性代表性和实质性代表性之间是否存在关系(如假设的那样，通过临界质量和主流化方法)。关于这两种代表性，我们的目标是：(A)向社会科学界提供关于七个欧洲国家首席信息官政治代表性的原始数据--其中一些在以前的研究中被忽视--使数据免费可用(适当考虑数据保护问题)；以及(B)利用和扩展现有的政治学中关于政治代表性的经验理论，特别强调政治体制、战略、社会网络和政治机会结构，描述和解释CIO在描述性和实质性代表性方面的差异和相似之处。

PATHWAYS is a tightly integrated, internationally co-operative and comparative project of social scientists at British, French, German and Dutch universities, seeking to advance knowledge in two areas: (a) the descriptive representation of citizens of immigrant origin (CIO) in the legislative assemblies of seven European countries (Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands and Spain) at the national and regional levels (where meaningful regional assemblies exist); and (b), for the first time, the parliamentary activities of representatives of immigrant origin (substantive representation). These are our dependent variables. In a second step, we will seek to build on, test and (where necessary) extend, explanations of the variations in representation we observe. These are based on empirical theories of political representation in liberal democracies with a particular emphasis on the impact of political institutions and macro-level contextual factors on representation.With regard to descriptive representation, our objectives are to collect data on the variation in the parliamentary 'presence' of CIOs across seven European democracies at national and regional levels of government, and analyse it in terms of age, gender, national origin, career and political history and examine the primary socio-economic, political and institutional factors that affect the access of CIOs to elected office. In relation to substantive representation, our objectives are to study variations and similarities of parliamentary activity of CIOs across the seven countries and analyse whether there is a relationship between descriptive and substantive representation (as hypothesised, e.g., by critical mass and mainstreaming approaches).In relation to both types of representation, our goals are to (a) to provide the social science community with original data on the political representation of CIOs in seven European countries - some of which have been neglected in previous studies - making the data freely available (duly considering data protection issues); and (b) to describe and explain variations and similarities in the descriptive and substantive representation of CIOs using, and extending, existing empirical theories of political representation in political science with particular emphasis on political institutions, strategies, social networks and political opportunity structures.