Collaborative Research: US GO-SHIP 2021-2026 Repeat Hydrography, Carbon and Tracers

全球海洋船基水文调查方案（GO-SHIP）是2003年开始的对全球主要水文部分的系统性重新占用。这些剖面跨越所有海洋盆地，达到整个海洋深度，具有最高"参考标准"精度的物理和化学测量。在可预见的未来，只有研究船才能达到这种数据质量水平。美国GO-SHIP计划是国际GO-SHIP计划的主要贡献者，该计划旨在监测海洋对气候变化的反应，作为世界气候研究计划全球海洋观测系统的一部分。这笔赠款将在未来六年内扩展这一独特的气候数据集。美国GO-SHIP收集的新水文数据集将有助于实现与以下方面有关的重叠科学和技术目标：1）热量/淡水储存和通量; 2）碳系统和地球化学研究; 3）水团通风; 4）模型校准、验证和状态估计; 5）自主传感器校准，包括岩心（2000 m T，S）、深部和生物地球化学Argo剖面浮标。在20世纪90年代首次进行观测的基础上，该计划对发展我们对海洋相关气候变化的理解至关重要，包括：深海海洋变暖，占地球多余热量的10%;循环和通风的变化;人为碳吸收增加及其对全球碳预算和酸化的影响;氧气浓度下降;以及氧气最小区域的扩大。 美国的GO-SHIP开放数据政策导致了数据的快速、广泛的可用性和使用。 该计划对社会有益，因为它是全球唯一可获得的关于深海（2000米）变化的信息来源。这些数据将继续成为气候模型验证的一个资源。对美国GO-SHIP数据收集（基于巡航）和综合的推广将扩大数据的有用性和公众意识。该计划将继续促进和扩大对研究生，博士后科学家和早期职业科学家的科学和领导力培训。计划在2021年至2026年期间进行14次研究航行，其持续目标是系统地量化全球尺度上热量、淡水、碳、氧、营养物质、水和水的储存和运输的变化。相关参数。9次航行将由国家科学基金/联合国海洋和海洋法办事处领导，4次由海洋和大气管理局领导，1次是联合航行。包括的测量值为：水文/物理（CTDO2、盐度、氧气、营养物、来自LADCP的U、V和W、来自航行ADCP的U和V、航行T和S、气象学、测深学）、碳系统（DIC、pCO2、TAlk、pH、DOC、TDN、航行pCO2）和瞬态示踪剂（CFCs、SF6）。美国GO-SHIP将继续与单独资助的研究人员合作：例如，14C、Fe/痕量金属、3H/3He的测量;微观结构湍流测量以及浮子和漂移器。该补助金包括收集数据和进行质量控制以实现参考质量的资金，通过博士后研究人员的支持进行有限的合成。数据将使用自2003年以来成功实施的方法发布，并采用快速和开放传播的严格数据政策，包括传输到公认的数据中心。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) is a systematic re-occupation of key global hydrographic sections that began in 2003. The sections span all ocean basins and reach full ocean depth, with physical and chemical measurements of the highest ‘reference standard’ accuracy. This level of data quality is attainable only with research ships for the foreseeable future. The U.S. GO-SHIP program is a major contributor to international GO-SHIP, designed to monitor the ocean's response to climate change as part of the World Climate Research Programme’s Global Ocean Observing System. This grant will extend this unique climate data set over the next six years. The new hydrographic data sets collected by U.S. GO-SHIP will contribute to overlapping scientific and technical objectives related to: 1) heat/freshwater storage and flux; 2) carbon system and biogeochemical studies; 3) water mass ventilation; 4) model calibration, validation, and state estimation; and 5) autonomous sensor calibration, including Core (2000 m T, S), Deep, and Biogeochemical Argo profiling floats. Building on observations first made in the 1990's, this program has been critical to developing our understanding of ocean-related climate changes including: warming of the abyssal ocean that takes up ~10% of the Earth's excess heat; changes in circulation and ventilation; increasing anthropogenic carbon uptake and its impact on global carbon budgets and acidification; declining oxygen concentrations; and expansion of oxygen minimum zones. The U.S. GO-SHIP open data policy has resulted in rapid, widespread availability and use of data. The program benefits society as it is the only globally available source of information about changes in the deep (2000m) ocean. The data will continue to be a resource for climate model validation. Outreach for U.S. GO-SHIP data collection (cruise-based) and synthesis will extend data usefulness and public awareness. The program will continue to promote and expand scientific and leadership training for graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and early career scientists. Funds are budgeted for graduate students, postdocs, and young scientists to participate in each cruise, and for an annual postdoc program to entrain young scientists in use of these invaluable observations.Fourteen research cruises during the period 2021-2026 are planned, with the continuing objective of systematically quantifying global-scale changes in storage and transport of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients, and related parameters. Nine cruises will be led by NSF/UNOLS, four by NOAA, and one will be joint. Included measurements are: hydrographic/physical (CTDO2, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, U, V and W from LADCP, U and V from underway ADCP, underway T and S, meteorology, bathymetry), carbon system (DIC, pCO2, TAlk, pH, DOC, TDN, underway pCO2), and transient tracers (CFCs, SF6). U.S. GO-SHIP will continue to cooperate with separately funded investigators: examples include measurement of 14C, Fe/trace metals, 3H/3He; microstructure turbulence measurements, as well as floats and drifters. This grant includes funds to collect data and perform quality control to achieve reference quality, with limited synthesis through support of postdoctoral researchers. Data will be released using the successful approach in place since 2003, with a stringent data policy of rapid and open dissemination, including transfer to recognized data centers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.