Collaborative Research: US GO-SHIP 2021-2026 Repeat Hydrography, Carbon and Tracers

全球海洋船舶水文调查计划（GO-SHIP）是从2003年开始系统地重新占领关键的全球水文剖面。这些剖面跨越所有海洋盆地，达到整个海洋深度，具有最高“参考标准”精度的物理和化学测量。在可预见的未来，只有科考船才能达到这种水平的数据质量。美国GO-SHIP计划是国际GO-SHIP计划的主要贡献者，该计划旨在监测海洋对气候变化的反应，作为世界气候研究计划全球海洋观测系统的一部分。这笔拨款将在未来六年内扩展这一独特的气候数据集。美国GO-SHIP收集的新水文数据集将有助于实现以下重叠的科学和技术目标：1)热/淡水储存和通量；2)碳系统与生物地球化学研究；3)水团通风；4)模型校准、验证和状态估计；5)自主传感器校准，包括Core (2000 m T， S)， Deep和生物地球化学Argo剖面浮标。在20世纪90年代首次观测的基础上，该计划对发展我们对海洋相关气候变化的理解至关重要，包括：占地球多余热量约10%的深海变暖；循环和通风的变化；人为碳吸收增加及其对全球碳收支和酸化的影响；氧浓度下降；以及氧气最小带的扩张。美国GO-SHIP开放数据政策导致了数据的快速、广泛的可用性和使用。该项目对社会有益，因为它是全球唯一可获得的关于深海（2000米）变化的信息来源。这些数据将继续成为气候模式验证的资源。美国GO-SHIP数据收集（基于巡航）和综合的推广将扩大数据的实用性和公众意识。该项目将继续促进和扩大对研究生、博士后科学家和早期职业科学家的科学和领导力培训。经费预算用于研究生、博士后和年轻科学家参加每次巡航，并用于年度博士后计划，以培训年轻科学家使用这些宝贵的观测结果。在2021-2026年期间，计划进行14次研究巡航，以系统地量化全球范围内热量、淡水、碳、氧、营养物质和相关参数的储存和运输变化。9次巡航将由NSF/UNOLS领导，4次由NOAA领导，1次将是联合的。包括测量：水文/物理（CTDO2，盐度，氧气，营养物质，LADCP的U， V和W，正在进行的ADCP的U和V，正在进行的T和S，气象学，测深），碳系统（DIC, pCO2, TAlk, pH， DOC， TDN，正在进行的pCO2）和瞬态示踪剂（CFCs, SF6）。美国GO-SHIP将继续与单独资助的研究人员合作：例子包括测量14C、Fe/微量金属、3H/3He；微结构湍流测量，以及浮子和漂子。这项资助包括收集数据和执行质量控制以达到参考质量的资金，通过博士后研究人员的支持进行有限的合成。数据将采用自2003年以来的成功方法发布，并采用迅速和公开发布的严格数据政策，包括转移到认可的数据中心。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) is a systematic re-occupation of key global hydrographic sections that began in 2003. The sections span all ocean basins and reach full ocean depth, with physical and chemical measurements of the highest ‘reference standard’ accuracy. This level of data quality is attainable only with research ships for the foreseeable future. The U.S. GO-SHIP program is a major contributor to international GO-SHIP, designed to monitor the ocean's response to climate change as part of the World Climate Research Programme’s Global Ocean Observing System. This grant will extend this unique climate data set over the next six years. The new hydrographic data sets collected by U.S. GO-SHIP will contribute to overlapping scientific and technical objectives related to: 1) heat/freshwater storage and flux; 2) carbon system and biogeochemical studies; 3) water mass ventilation; 4) model calibration, validation, and state estimation; and 5) autonomous sensor calibration, including Core (2000 m T, S), Deep, and Biogeochemical Argo profiling floats. Building on observations first made in the 1990's, this program has been critical to developing our understanding of ocean-related climate changes including: warming of the abyssal ocean that takes up ~10% of the Earth's excess heat; changes in circulation and ventilation; increasing anthropogenic carbon uptake and its impact on global carbon budgets and acidification; declining oxygen concentrations; and expansion of oxygen minimum zones. The U.S. GO-SHIP open data policy has resulted in rapid, widespread availability and use of data. The program benefits society as it is the only globally available source of information about changes in the deep (2000m) ocean. The data will continue to be a resource for climate model validation. Outreach for U.S. GO-SHIP data collection (cruise-based) and synthesis will extend data usefulness and public awareness. The program will continue to promote and expand scientific and leadership training for graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and early career scientists. Funds are budgeted for graduate students, postdocs, and young scientists to participate in each cruise, and for an annual postdoc program to entrain young scientists in use of these invaluable observations.Fourteen research cruises during the period 2021-2026 are planned, with the continuing objective of systematically quantifying global-scale changes in storage and transport of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients, and related parameters. Nine cruises will be led by NSF/UNOLS, four by NOAA, and one will be joint. Included measurements are: hydrographic/physical (CTDO2, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, U, V and W from LADCP, U and V from underway ADCP, underway T and S, meteorology, bathymetry), carbon system (DIC, pCO2, TAlk, pH, DOC, TDN, underway pCO2), and transient tracers (CFCs, SF6). U.S. GO-SHIP will continue to cooperate with separately funded investigators: examples include measurement of 14C, Fe/trace metals, 3H/3He; microstructure turbulence measurements, as well as floats and drifters. This grant includes funds to collect data and perform quality control to achieve reference quality, with limited synthesis through support of postdoctoral researchers. Data will be released using the successful approach in place since 2003, with a stringent data policy of rapid and open dissemination, including transfer to recognized data centers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.