EAGER: Project TPV: An open-source platform for modeling and design of thermophotovoltaics

热光电转换器（TPV）已经成为一种有前途的热机，用于广泛的应用，因为它们可以快速有效地响应远程和突然的电力需求。高效率的太阳能光伏可以通过发展热能电存储和分布式热电联产来促进太阳能和风能等可再生能源的增长。作为电池的替代品，TEES是电网规模电力存储最经济实惠的方法之一。另一方面，分布式热电联产是集中式发电厂的一种有前途的替代方案，集中式发电厂浪费了大约三分之二的一次能源，并且提供有限的可调度性。光学和光伏材料的最新进展使TPV走向实用化。然而，进一步的进展需要更全面地了解当前TPV设计的哪些方面是有利的，以及还有哪些改进的机会。这对TPV来说是一个挑战，因为TPV具有广泛的应用空间、广泛的操作条件，并且缺乏便于设计的可用建模工具。通过开发一个开放获取平台来解决这些障碍是本项目的目标。项目TPV将促进探索-设计-报告闭环流程。用户可以与该平台进行交互，探索通过将每个转换步骤与其各自的实验特定热力学极限进行比较而确定的领先方法。有意义的比较将使研究人员能够了解当前TPV的哪些方面是有利的，并将改进从一种材料系统转化为另一种材料系统，加速该领域的进展。设计模块将允许用户使用TPV准一维仿真工具（TPV-Q1 D）预测现有和假设架构的性能。TPV-Q1 D将推进对TPV电池中能量损失机制的基本理解，并通过考虑可变发射极参数，掺杂剂介导的寄生吸收，空间依赖的光激发和复合以及纳米结构层来弥合开放获取工具中的现有差距。报告模块将允许用户上传他们的实验测量结果，包括发射器和电池的暗和照明电流-电压特性和光谱特性。经过项目团队验证后，这些数据将在Explore模块中可用，从而关闭设计循环。为了吸引更广泛的社区，指导学习活动将向用户展示如何与项目TPV互动，以了解基本的能源转换步骤和设计原则，这些步骤和原则多年来带来了重大改进。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) have emerged as a promising heat engine for a wide range of applications because they can respond quickly and efficiently to remote and sudden electricity demands. High-efficiency TPVs could facilitate the growth of renewable sources such as solar and wind through the development of thermal-energy electrical storage (TEES) and distributed combined heat and power (CHP). As an alternative to batteries, TEES is one of the most affordable approaches for grid-scale storage of electricity. Distributed CHP, on the other hand, is a promising alternative to centralized power plants that waste approximately two-thirds of primary energy and offer limited dispatchability. Recent progress in optical and photovoltaic materials have advanced TPVs toward practical implementation. However, further progress requires a more complete understanding of which aspects of current TPV designs are favorable and where opportunities for improvements remain. This is challenging for TPVs because of the broad application space, wide range of operating conditions, and a lack of available modeling tools that facilitate design. Addressing these barriers through the development of an open-access platform is the goal of this project. Project TPV will facilitate an Explore-Design-Report closed-loop process. Users can interact with the platform to Explore leading approaches which have been identified by comparing each conversion step to its respective, experiment-specific thermodynamic limit. Meaningful comparisons will allow researchers to learn which aspects of current TPVs are favorable and to translate improvements from one material system to another, accelerating progress in the field. The Design module will let users predict the performance of existing and hypothetical architectures using a TPV quasi-one-dimensional simulation tool (TPV-Q1D). TPV-Q1D will advance fundamental understanding of energy loss mechanisms in TPV cells and bridge the existing gap in open-access tools by accounting for variable emitter parameters, dopant-mediated parasitic absorption, spatially dependent photoexcitation and recombination, and nanostructured layers. The Report module will allow users to upload the results of their experimental measurements, including dark and illuminated current-voltage characteristics and spectral properties of emitters and cells. Upon verification by the project team, these data will become available in the Explore module, closing the design loop. To engage the broader community, guided learning activities will show users how to interact with Project TPV to understand fundamental energy conversion steps and design principles that have led to major improvements over the years.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.