Collaborative Research: The Criminal Deportation Pipeline

有犯罪记录的移民被大规模驱逐出境，构成了美国在过去30年里日益严厉的移民政策的基石。合法永久居民(绿卡持有者)可被驱逐的主要犯罪类别广泛且无规律可循，对于无证个人，任何定罪都可能导致驱逐。研究表明，种族和族裔差异深刻地影响了刑事司法系统，增加了特别是黑人和拉丁裔移民遭受负面后果的风险。我们提出了“刑事驱逐管道”的概念，来描述将某些移民驱逐出境的相互交织的犯罪和移民系统过程。这项研究借鉴了社会学和犯罪学的学科，重点研究了形成和构成这条管道的因素。这项研究突出了刑事司法和移民执法方面的种族、民族和空间差异，以及帮助被驱逐的移民的当地政策和做法，将展示这条管道在这个标志性的移民城市中的功能存在，以及决定其影响和特征的因素。研究结果将有助于关于移民政策和人权改革的公开辩论，同时加深我们对公民身份、法律和治安做法之间关系的理解，这些做法对种族主义移民社区产生了如此大的影响。在社会排斥和犯罪化理论的指导下，特别是沿着种族和抵抗领域的理论，这项研究以下列研究问题为导向：(1)与移民无关的刑事司法执法的当地模式如何影响刑事驱逐管道的流动？(2)保护性法律政策和做法如何影响刑事驱逐管道的功能？(3)移民如何经历和应对重叠的定罪和驱逐过程？我们将使用混合方法研究这些问题，研究设计包括对驱逐程序的120小时有针对性的观察；对官方文件和行政政府数据集的二次分析；以及对受影响的移民、法律从业者和社区倡导者的120次深度访谈。研究将扩大对高离境率地区的初步空间分析，以便：(1)更好地了解警务工作中的空间、种族和族裔模式如何影响刑事驱逐进程；(2)评估保护性法律政策的作用和影响；(3)确定有犯罪记录的移民面临驱逐的经历，以及犯罪和移民重叠的影响。产生的新知识将允许关于集体和个人移民经历的社会控制、国家实践和人权机构过程的理论进一步发展。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The mass deportation of immigrants with criminal records has formed the cornerstone of increasingly punitive immigration policy in the United States over the past thirty years. The major categories of crimes for which lawful permanent residents (green card holders) can be removed are broad and amorphous, and for undocumented individuals, any conviction can lead to removal. Research has shown that racial and ethnic disparities profoundly impact the criminal justice system, adding to the risk of negative outcomes for Black and Latino immigrants in particular. We advance the concept of the “criminal deportation pipeline” to describe the intertwining criminal and immigration system processes that funnel certain immigrants toward removal. The study, drawing on the disciplines of sociology and criminology, focuses on the factors which shape and constitute this pipeline. Highlighting racial, ethnic and spatial disparities in criminal justice and immigration enforcement, as well as local policies and practices that aid immigrants targeted for expulsion, the study will demonstrate the pipeline’s functional presence in this iconic city of immigrants as well as factors that define its impact and character. The results of the research will contribute to the public debate on immigration policy and human rights reform while deepening our understanding of the relationship between citizenship, the law, and policing practices that have so impacted racialized immigrant communities. Informed by theories of social exclusion and criminalization, particularly along the vectors of race, as well as the field of resistance, the study is oriented by the following research questions: (i) How do local patterns of non-immigration-related criminal justice enforcement shape the flow of the criminal deportation pipeline?; (ii) How do protective legal policies and practices affect the function of the criminal deportation pipeline?; and (iii) How do immigrants experience and respond to overlapping processes of criminalization and deportation? We will examine these questions using a mixed methods research design that combines 120 hours of targeted observation of deportation proceedings; secondary analysis of official documents and administrative government datasets; and 120 in-depth interviews with affected immigrants, legal practitioners, and community-based advocates. Research will expand upon preliminary spatial analysis of high deportation areas in order to: (i) better understand how spatial, racial, and ethnic patterns in policing shape processes of criminal deportation; (ii) assess the function and impacts of protective legal policies, and (iii) identify the experiences of immigrants facing deportation with criminal records, as well as the impacts of overlapping criminal and immigration. The new knowledge produced will allow further development of theory around processes of social control, state practices and human agency with regard to the collective and individual immigrant experience.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.