Biolographes. Literary creativity and biological knowledge in the 19th century

19世纪初，德国和法国（由特雷维拉努斯和拉马克）创造了“生物学”一词，标志着一个新的研究领域的出现，它立即激发了其他学科专家和作家的热情。法国文学很早就抓住了生物知识，以或多或少忠实于其原意的方式利用其概念，对其进行评论和阐述，并发现新的主题和形式，从而通过话语促进它们作为全球文化现实的推广，而这些话语反过来又影响了科学家自己的接受甚至思考。正是这种知识的流动,我们希望解决在这个项目中,从生物学领域的重点知识,尽可能多的,因为词的发明信号出现新的纪律意识(打破旧的自然历史),因为我们从而涉及转换的基本知识,与概念化的生活密切相关,现有的研究倾向于把重点放在其他学科(物理学、数学、医学、地质学)或技术的突然出现。因此，《传记》意在填补一个重要的空白，为19世纪生物学知识对法国文学生产的影响提供一个基准研究，从文学批评的角度出发，向跨学科研究开放，并向其他文学理论专家以及文化和科学历史学家开放。为此，我们计划提供一个涉及生物学知识的文学作品的原创和代表性语料库，考虑到主要作者和不太知名的作者，已发表的文本，私人和草稿文件。这些文献将成为文学分析和大众研究的对象，其三个目标是：-理解这种知识在作家之间传播的渠道和方式-分析文学作品中生物知识的使用和功能，在主题（他们处理什么主题，用哪些认识论上的刻板？），实用主义（有什么效果？）和形式方面（转化的过程是什么，叙事和诗歌的产出是什么？）这种知识的结构效应？)；这也预设了对这种知识的意识形态和修辞利害关系的识别（求助于生物知识通常服务于哲学，种族，政治或美学性质的更广泛的辩论）-建模科学史和文学史之间的时间和概念上的一致和差异。决定将这个项目作为一个法德项目是合理的，因为我们的研究主题的性质。因为，如果不预先考虑其他的，通常研究得更好的外国影响（例如达尔文），这项研究不可能不考虑德国科学家（尤其是海克尔）对法国作家的巨大影响。

The term biology, coined in Germany and France at the beginning of the 19th century (by Treviranus and Lamarck), marks the emergence of a new field of research, which instantly sparked the enthusiasm of experts of other disciplines and of writers. French literature seizes on biological knowledge early on, utilizing its concepts in ways more or less true to their original meaning, commenting and elaborating on them and finding new topics and forms, thereby contributing to their promotion as a global cultural reality, through discourses, which have, in turn, impacted the reception and even the thinking of scientists themselves. It is this flow of knowledge that we wish to address in this project, focusing on knowledge from the field of biology, as much because the invention of the term signals the emergence of a new disciplinary awareness (breaking with the older natural history), as because we thereby touch upon the transformations of a fundamental knowledge, closely linked to the conceptualization of the living, where existing research has preferred to focus on other disciplines (physics, mathematics, medicine, geology) or the sudden advent of technology. Biolographes, therefore, intends to fill a significant gap, in providing a benchmark study on the impact of biological knowledge on French literary production in the 19th century, developed from the standpoint of a literary criticism open to interdisciplinary research and addressed to other specialists of literary theory as well as to cultural and scientific historians. To this end, we plan to provide an original and representative corpus of literary works dealing with biological knowledge, taking into account major authors as well as lesser-known ones, published texts, private and draft documents. These documents will be the object of literary analysis and mass studies with the threefold objective of:- understanding the channels and modalities of the spread of this knowledge among writers- analyzing the usage and function of biological knowledge in literary works, under thematic (what topics do they treat, with which epistemological inflexions?), pragmatic (to what effect?) and formal aspects (what are the processes of transformation, the narrative and poetic yield, the structuring effects of this knowledge?); this also presupposes the identification of the ideological and rhetorical stakes of this knowledge (recourse to biological knowledge often serves broader debates of a philosophical, racial, political or esthetic nature)- modeling the temporal and conceptual concurrences and discrepancies between history of science and literature.The decision to present this project as a French-German program is justified by the nature of our research topic. For, without prejudging other, often better-researched foreign influences (e.g. that of Darwin), this study could not be conducted without taking into account the considerable impact of German scientists (especially Haeckel) on French writers.