Collaborative Proposal: Harnessing simulation data to characterize transition layer mixing rates and mechanisms

该奖项全部或部分由《2021年美国救援计划法案》（公法117-2）资助。该项目将研究海洋过渡层（TL）的夹带过程，TL是湍流近地表混合层下部与稳定分层海洋内部之间的垂直区域。该项目将使用一种新颖的方法组合，包括通过上层海洋层进一步分析现有的高分辨率剖面数据，对过渡层的夹带和内波过程进行高分辨率建模，以及机器学习技术。这些过程有助于确定海洋混合层的深度和温度，并最终调节全球海洋的海气交换效应，但它们在数值模式参数化中仍然知之甚少。结果将直接关系到改进物理和生物地球化学海洋模型。此外，开发的方法将适用于解释和分析来自各种地球物理流的数据，并且分析脚本将公开提供。这项工作将支持一名早期职业研究者，培训一名研究生，为当地的推广和教育项目做出贡献，并将成为WHOI地球物理流体动力学暑期项目研究生项目的基础。将生成一套高分辨率的直接数值模拟，涵盖一系列预期的TL机制，包括Kelvin-Helmholtz和Holmboe不稳定性和界面波。使用标准的流体动力学分析，包括线性不稳定性的表征和流动能量学的详细分析，这个综合流场库将用于确定给定的分层混合事件如何从有限的测量中表征。然后，模拟将用作基于神经网络的流分类方法的训练数据，允许根据底层波或不稳定性对温度和速度的输入剖面进行分类。在使用模拟数据验证分类方法后，将其应用于观测，从而识别驱动TL中卷带的相关机制。因此，与每种机制相关的混合知识可用于描述观测记录中的混合效率和湍流通量。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This award is funded in whole or in part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2).This project will examine entrainment processes in the ocean transition layer (TL), the vertical region between the lower part of the turbulent near-surface mixed layer and the stably stratified ocean interior. The project will use a novel combination of approaches, including further analysis of existing high-resolution profile data through the upper ocean layers, high-resolution modeling of entrainment and internal wave processes in the transition layer, and machine learning techniques. These processes help determine ocean mixed layer depth and temperature and ultimately mediate air-sea exchange effects on the global ocean, yet they remain poorly understood or represented in numerical model parameterizations. Outcomes will be directly relevant to improving physical and biogeochemical ocean models. Additionally, the methods developed will be applicable to interpreting and analyzing data from a variety of geophysical flows, and the analysis scripts will be made publicly available. The work will support an early career investigator, the training of a graduate student, contributions to local outreach and educational programs, and will form the basis for a project for a graduate student in the WHOI summer program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. A suite of high-resolution direct numerical simulations will be generated covering a range of expected TL mechanisms, including Kelvin-Helmholtz and Holmboe instabilities and interfacial waves. Using standard fluid dynamical analyses, including characterization of the linear instabilities and a detailed analysis of the flow energetics, this comprehensive library of flow fields will be used to determine how well a given stratified mixing event can be characterized from limited measurements. The simulations will then be used as training data for a neural network-based flow classification method, allowing for input profiles of temperature and velocity to be classified in terms of the underlying waves or instabilities. After the classification method is validated using simulation data, it will be applied to the observations, allowing for identification of the relevant mechanisms driving entrainment in the TL. Knowledge of the mixing associated with each mechanism can thus be used to describe the mixing efficiency and turbulent fluxes in the observational record.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.