SBP: CAREER: Inferior and foreign racial stereotypes give rise to exploitative and exclusionary discrimination

在美国，许多种族和民族都受到歧视。然而，不同群体面临着不同类型的歧视，这就造成了一个可能只有一种解决方案的问题。一些歧视行为和做法涉及利用种族和族裔群体，使一些美国人受益，并保持相对的群体地位和经济地位分层（即剥削）。其他歧视性行为和做法包括保留作为美国人意味着什么的传统观念，并否认种族和族裔群体自己的美国民族身份（即排斥）。目前的项目研究了这些不同形式的种族和民族歧视可能发生的时间和原因，以及歧视的自我强化性质。这项研究的主要目的是为种族和民族歧视的复杂本质提供重要的见解。七项研究采用调查和实验方法，调查导致剥削和排斥种族和民族群体的认知、动机和社会因素。首先，这项研究测试了对种族和民族刻板印象的具体预测，这些刻板印象往往会导致独特形式的歧视。认为一个群体地位低下可能会导致剥削，而认为一个群体在文化上是外来的则会导致排斥。其次，本研究考察了促使一些美国人保持群体之间的社会经济差异和保留主流文化价值观和习俗的个体差异和社会背景。第三，本研究探讨了暴露于现有的剥削和排斥模式如何强化对群体地位和文化异质的刻板印象；这些刻板印象反过来又再现了同样的歧视模式。该项目促进了对种族歧视心理机制的理解，为有色人种的年轻研究人员提供了指导机会，并开展了促进种族主义意识的教育活动。该项目将有助于减少歧视的精确和针对特定群体的努力。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Many racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. experience discrimination. However, groups confront different types of discrimination, which creates a problem that may not have merely one solution. Some discriminatory actions and practices involve taking advantage of racial and ethnic groups in ways that benefit some Americans and keep relative group status and economic positions stratified (i.e., exploitation). Other discriminatory actions and practices involve preserving traditional notions of what it means to be American and denying racial and ethnic groups their own American national identity (i.e., exclusion). The current project examines when and why these different forms of racial and ethnic discrimination are likely to occur, as well as the self-reinforcing nature of discrimination. The broad aim of this research is to provide important insights into the complex nature of racial and ethnic discrimination. Seven studies employ survey and experimental methods to investigate the cognitive, motivational, and social factors that lead to the exploitation and exclusion of racial and ethnic groups. First, this research tests specific predictions of the racial and ethnic stereotypes that tend to cause unique forms of discrimination. Perceiving a group as low status likely gives rise to exploitation, whereas perceiving a group as culturally foreign gives rise to exclusion. Second, this research examines the individual differences and social contexts that motivate some Americans to maintain socioeconomic differences between groups and preserve dominant cultural values and practices. Third, this research explores how exposure to existing patterns of exploitation and exclusion reinforce stereotypes about group status and cultural foreignness; those stereotypes, in turn, reproduce the same patterns of discrimination. This project advances an understanding of the psychological mechanisms of racial discrimination, provides mentorship opportunities to young researchers of color, and develops educational activities that foster awareness of racism. The project will contribute to precise and group-specific efforts that can reduce discrimination.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.