Revising Models of the Glacier-ocean Boundary Layer with Novel Laboratory Experiments

格陵兰和南极冰盖的融化越来越多地导致海平面上升。冰盖质量的减少主要是由与海洋接触的冰川变薄、后退和加速造成的。来自实地和卫星的观察表明，冰川对冰-海界面的变化很敏感，海底融化的增加很可能是由冰川下方的融水排放推动的，即所谓的冰下融水羽流。冰川融化还直接将大量淡水注入海洋，有可能导致调节全球热量输送的海水循环发生重大变化，使冰与海洋的相互作用成为气候变化和多变性的一个重要潜在因素。因此，预测并因此充分应对气候变化和海平面上升的能力取决于我们对冰-海洋界面冰下融水羽流附近发生的小规模过程的了解。目前，对潜在物理的理解还不完全；例如，对于来自海洋的相同热量供应，不同的冰川-海洋相互作用模型可能会产生五倍以上的融化速度。因此，很难评估预测模型的可靠性。该项目将使用综合的实验室实验来研究羽流附近冰川的融化速度如何受到冰-海洋界面的冰粗糙度、冰几何形状、海洋湍流和海洋密度分层的影响。然后，这些实验将被用于开发新的和改进的冰盖被海洋融化的预测模型。该项目在现代实验流体力学和冰川学之间架起了桥梁，目标是在这两个领域都取得进展。作为这项工作的一部分，两名研究生将接受跨学科培训，每年将有两名本科生接受实验流体力学培训，以协助这项工作并开发他们自己的研究项目。该项目包括一个全面的实验计划，旨在研究冰川冰在以下综合影响下的融化速度：(1)在冰-海界面附近和附近发生的湍流；(2)周围水柱中的密度分层；(3)冰架底部拓扑结构的不规则性；(4)多个融水羽流的不同空间分布。这些实验的目的是获得冰-海洋界面附近/处的速度、密度和温度的高分辨率数据，这些数据将被用来改善对精确到毫米级的融化过程的理解，并设计出新的、更强大的冰川演化和海平面上升的数值模型。特别是，实验流体力学中基于激光的光学技术(粒子成像速度和激光诱导荧光)将被用来收集数据，实验将使用折射率匹配技术来消除可能会对测量产生偏差的折射率变化。这些实验将在一个受气候控制的冷室中进行，以模拟野外条件(海洋温度从0-10摄氏度)。该项目将使用3D打印来创建不同的铸造模具，以制造不同类型的粗糙度冰块。其目的是研究冰融化速度如何随羽流的性质、周围的海水和冰界面的几何性质的变化而变化。根据实验结果，该项目将开发和测试一个新的整体羽流模式，该模式与区域环流模式(MITgCM)相结合，可以用来预测冰川融化对海洋环流和海平面上升的影响。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Melt from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is increasingly contributing to sea-level rise. This ice sheet mass loss is primarily driven by the thinning, retreat, and acceleration of glaciers in contact with the ocean. Observations from the field and satellites indicate that glaciers are sensitive to changes at the ice-ocean interface and that the increase in submarine melting is likely to be driven by the discharge of meltwater from underneath the glacier known as subglacial meltwater plumes. The melting of glacier ice also directly adds a large volume of freshwater into the ocean, potentially causing significant changes in the circulation of ocean waters that regulate global heat transport, making ice-ocean interactions an important potential factor in climate change and variability. The ability to predict, and hence adequately respond to, climate change and sea-level rise therefore depends on our knowledge of the small-scale processes occurring in the vicinity of subglacial meltwater plumes at the ice-ocean interface. Currently, understanding of the underlying physics is incomplete; for example, different models of glacier-ocean interaction could yield melting rates that vary over a factor of five for the same heat supply from the ocean. It is then very difficult to assess the reliability of predictive models. This project will use comprehensive laboratory experiments to study how the melt rates of glaciers in the vicinity of plumes are affected by the ice roughness, ice geometry, ocean turbulence, and ocean density stratification at the ice-ocean interface. These experiments will then be used to develop new and improved predictive models of ice-sheet melting by the ocean. This project builds bridges between modern experimental fluid mechanics and glaciology with the goal of leading to advances in both fields. As a part of this work, two graduate students will receive interdisciplinary training and each year two undergraduate students will be trained in experimental fluid mechanics to assist in this work and develop their own research projects.This project consists of a comprehensive experimental program designed for studying the melt rates of glacier ice under the combined influences of (1) turbulence occurring near and at the ice-ocean interface, (2) density stratification in the ambient water column, (3) irregularities in the bottom topology of an ice shelf, and (4) differing spatial distributions of multiple meltwater plumes. The objective of the experiments is to obtain high-resolution data of the velocity, density, and temperature near/at the ice-ocean interface, which will then be used to improve understanding of melt processes down to scales of millimeters, and to devise new, more robust numerical models of glacier evolution and sea-level rise. Specially, laser-based, optical techniques in experimental fluid mechanics (particle image velocity and laser-induced fluorescence) will be used to gather the data, and the experiments will be conducted using refractive-index matching techniques to eliminate changes in refractive indices that could otherwise bias the measurements. The experiments will be run inside a climate-controlled cold room to mimic field conditions (ocean temperature from 0-10 degrees C). The project will use 3D-printing to create different casting molds for making ice blocks with different types of roughness. The goal is to investigate how ice melt rate changes as a function of the properties of the plume, the ambient ocean water, and the geometric properties of the ice interface. Based on the experimental findings, this project will develop and test a new integral-plume-model coupled to a regional circulation model (MITgcm) that can be used to predict the effects of glacial melt on ocean circulation and sea-level rise.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.