Collaborative Research: Constraining transient magma intrusion processes in the Nyiragongo-Kivu continental rift zone

合作研究：限制尼拉贡戈-基伍大陆裂谷带的瞬时岩浆侵入过程

• 批准号: 2150965
• 负责人: Andrew Newman
• 金额: $ 43.55万
• 依托单位: Georgia Tech Research Corporation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2024-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2150965&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Constraining; transient; magma

On 22 May 2021, a very large and destructive volcanic eruption occurred along the southern flank of Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), killing at least 30 people and causing substantial threat and damage near and in the city of Goma, affecting approximately a million people. Early satellite imagery showed that a segment of an underground magmatic rift began opening further southward and across the border into Rwanda, damaging homes and farmland, and creating further risk as it continued below the northern half of Lake Kivu, bounding Rwanda and the DRC. Continued rifting beneath the lake presents an additional risk of causing a massive and rapid release of carbon dioxide that could gravely threaten nearby populations (a similar event in Lake Nyos in western Africa killed over 1700 people in 1986). This project will investigate the interactions between magmatic movement in the subsurface and earthquake faulting during and following the 2021 sequence to aid in developing a stronger understanding of the mechanics and behavior of rifting and the hazards they pose in such environments. To do this the project will address key scientific questions to develop a better understanding of the magmatic and faulting evolution over time and gaining insight into some of the critical processes that govern changes in eruptive behavior. The project will create detailed images of earthquake activity along active faults, as well as magmatic material pathways using geophysical tools. The geologic processes learned here will aid in understanding this and future potentially dangerous rifting events elsewhere in East-Africa and in the US. The research performed through this proposal will fund fieldwork for one Kenyan and two US-based Rwandan graduate students and four Rwanda-based students enrolled in graduate studies at the East African Institute for Fundamental Research (EAIFR). The research and educational partnerships with EAIFR, University of Rwanda, and Goma Volcano Observatory will help to foster improved collaborations between US and central-African scientists, extractive industry, emergency managers and diplomats from the Kivu rift region, and help to inform planners regarding natural hazards. The work in the region will assist with real-time monitoring, hazard assessment and mitigation, and contribute to the training of at least seven African scientists. A Tulane student will be recruited from a cohort of formerly incarcerated women.The project will collect detailed land-deformation, seismic, and electromagnetic signals information to examine the time-history and extent of continued deformation following the Lake Kivu rifting event, as well as cumulative effects of 12 million years of deformation and magmatic buildup. The project will maintain a temporary continuous network of 7 GPS/GNSS stations (for land-deformation measurement) and 9 seismometers, including 2 that were installed during the intrusion event. The new and permanent seismic stations and 25 magnetotelluric imaging sites (electromagnetic measurements) will enable determination of lateral variations in physical properties of the crust, and the degree of magmatic modification. The project too will collect and evaluate satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar information to further constrain deformation over time. The data will aid in kinematic and physics-based modeling of the evolution of the young continental rift system. The information gained here will help to illuminate the process of magma migration in these environments, their interaction with the fractured, intruded, and heated crust, and their dynamic relationship with induced earthquake activity. Data from the GPS/GNSS and seismic networks will be available globally, and colleagues in Rwanda will be provided with access to software for rapid analysis for emergency response. This project is supported by the Geophysics and Petrology/Geochemistry Programs in the Division of Earth Sciences.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

2021年5月22日，刚果（金）尼拉贡戈山南翼发生沿着大规模破坏性火山喷发，造成至少30人死亡，并对戈马市附近和市内造成重大威胁和破坏，约100万人受到影响。早期的卫星图像显示，一段地下岩浆裂缝开始向南开放，越过卢旺达边境，破坏了房屋和农田，并在基伍湖北方下方继续造成进一步的风险，卢旺达和刚果民主共和国接壤。 湖底持续的裂缝带来了额外的风险，导致大量和快速释放二氧化碳，可能严重威胁附近的人口（1986年西非尼奥斯湖发生的类似事件造成1700多人死亡）。该项目将调查2021年序列期间和之后地下岩浆运动与地震断层之间的相互作用，以帮助更好地理解裂谷的力学和行为以及它们在这种环境中造成的危害。为此，该项目将解决关键的科学问题，以更好地了解岩浆和断层随时间的演化，并深入了解控制喷发行为变化的一些关键过程。该项目将使用地球物理工具创建沿活动断层沿着地震活动以及岩浆物质路径的详细图像。这里学到的地质过程将有助于理解这一点，以及未来在东非和美国其他地方可能发生的危险裂谷事件。通过该提案进行的研究将资助一名肯尼亚和两名美国卢旺达研究生以及四名在东非基础研究所（EAIFR）就读研究生的卢旺达学生的实地考察。与EAIFR，卢旺达大学和戈马火山观测站的研究和教育伙伴关系将有助于促进美国和中非科学家，采掘业，应急管理人员和来自基伍裂谷地区的外交官之间的合作，并帮助规划人员了解自然灾害。该区域的工作将有助于实时监测、灾害评估和减灾，并有助于培训至少7名非洲科学家。该项目将收集详细的陆地变形、地震和电磁信号信息，以研究基伍湖裂谷事件后持续变形的时间历史和程度，以及1200万年变形和岩浆积累的累积效应。该项目将维持一个由7个全球定位系统/全球导航卫星系统台站（用于土地变形测量）和9个地震仪组成的临时连续网络，其中包括入侵事件期间安装的2个地震仪。新的永久性地震台站和25个大地电磁成像站点（电磁测量）将能够确定地壳物理性质的横向变化以及岩浆变化的程度。该项目还将收集和评估基于卫星的合成孔径雷达信息，以进一步限制随着时间的推移而发生的变形。这些数据将有助于对年轻大陆裂谷系统的演变进行运动学和物理学建模。这里获得的信息将有助于阐明这些环境中岩浆迁移的过程，它们与断裂、侵入和加热的地壳的相互作用，以及它们与诱发地震活动的动态关系。 全球定位系统/全球导航卫星系统和地震网络提供的数据将在全球范围内提供，卢旺达的同事将能够使用软件进行快速分析，以应对紧急情况。该项目由地球科学部的地球物理学和岩石学/地球化学项目支持。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。