Urbanization and Inequality: The Geography of Wage Disparities

城市化与不平等：工资差距的地理分布

• 批准号: 2203418
• 负责人: Maximilian Buchholz
• 金额: $ 13.8万
• 依托单位: Buchholz, Maximilian
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Fellowship Award
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2203418&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Urbanization; Inequality; Geography; Wage; Disparities

This award was provided as part of NSF's Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowships (SPRF) program. The goal of the SPRF program is to prepare promising, early career doctoral-level scientists for scientific careers in academia, industry or private sector, and government. SPRF awards involve two years of training under the sponsorship of established scientists and encourage Postdoctoral Fellows to perform independent research. NSF seeks to promote the participation of scientists from all segments of the scientific community, including those from underrepresented groups, in its research programs and activities; the postdoctoral period is considered to be an important level of professional development in attaining this goal. Each Postdoctoral Fellow must address important scientific questions that advance their respective disciplinary fields. Under the sponsorship of Dr. Michael Storper at the University of California, Los Angeles, this postdoctoral fellowship award supports an early career scientist investigating the impact of urbanization on income inequality across U.S. cities. In larger and denser urban areas workers on average have higher wage and salary incomes, a phenomenon known as the “urban wage premium.” Yet the urban wage premium appears to vary substantially for workers in different groups. Recent research suggests there are demographic dimensions to the urban wage premium, generating a positive cross-sectional relationship between levels of urbanization across U.S. cities and wage gaps. This research will probe these disparities in the urban wage premium further, with methods and data sources that are new to the related scholarly literature. This work will inform our understanding of how urban planners and policymakers can promote equity and inclusion in urban economies.More specifically, the proposed research will ask 1) do increases in density and population within city-regions over time cause wage inequality to increase and 2) what mechanisms underlie these disparate impacts of urbanization? The first question will be explored with panel regression models using data on individual workers across a broad number of city-regions from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The second question will be examined with semi-structured interviews and annotated mapping exercises with workers who have lived in one large and one much smaller California city-region (specifically people who have lived in either greater Los Angeles or San Francisco and either greater Fresno or Sacramento). A core hypothesis that will be tested is whether more urbanized city-regions increase the challenges people face in navigating employment opportunities, housing/neighborhood quality, commute times, and daily activities in ways that have disproportionately adverse wage effects for workers. This research will contribute to our understanding of why the most prosperous U.S. city-regions also tend to be among the most unequal with a novel framework that integrates spatial and labor market considerations as drivers of inequality.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

该奖项是作为NSF的社会，行为和经济科学博士后研究奖学金（SPRF）计划的一部分提供的。SPRF计划的目标是为学术界，工业或私营部门和政府的科学事业准备有前途的早期职业博士级科学家。SPRF的奖励包括在知名科学家的赞助下进行两年的培训，并鼓励博士后研究员进行独立研究。NSF致力于促进来自科学界各部门的科学家，包括来自代表性不足的群体的科学家参与其研究计划和活动;博士后期间被认为是实现这一目标的专业发展的重要水平。每个博士后研究员必须解决推进各自学科领域的重要科学问题。在加州大学洛杉矶分校的Michael Storper博士的赞助下，该博士后奖学金支持一位早期职业科学家调查城市化对美国城市收入不平等的影响。在较大和人口密集的城市地区，工人的平均工资和薪金收入较高，这一现象被称为"城市工资溢价"。然而，不同群体的工人的城市工资溢价似乎差别很大。最近的研究表明，城市工资溢价存在人口因素，在美国城市化水平和工资差距之间产生了积极的横截面关系。本研究将进一步探讨这些差异在城市工资溢价，方法和数据来源是新的相关学术文献。这项研究将有助于我们理解城市规划者和政策制定者如何促进城市经济的公平和包容。更具体地说，拟议的研究将提出以下问题：1）随着时间的推移，城市地区内的密度和人口增加是否会导致工资不平等加剧？第一个问题将使用来自全国青年纵向调查的大量城市地区的个体工人数据，通过面板回归模型进行探讨。第二个问题将通过半结构化的访谈和标注的绘图练习来研究，受访者是居住在一个大的和一个小得多的加州城市地区的工人（特别是居住在大洛杉矶或旧金山弗朗西斯科或萨克拉门托的人）。一个将被检验的核心假设是，城市化程度更高的城市地区是否会增加人们在就业机会、住房/社区质量、通勤时间和日常活动方面面临的挑战，从而对工人的工资产生不成比例的不利影响。这项研究将有助于我们理解为什么最繁荣的美国城市地区往往也是最不平等的一个新的框架，将空间和劳动力市场因素作为不平等的驱动力。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。