Collaborative Research: Catch the waves - a machine learning approach to map brown dwarf and imaged exoplanet atmospheres in 3D

大气层及其云层对于系外行星和褐矮星如何随着时间的推移而冷却至关重要。大气和云层都是3D的。然而，用于建模的典型技术需要大量的计算机时间。为了理解它们的性质，通常需要将它们简化为1D或2D结构。然而，了解云的3D结构对于了解它们如何影响大气非常重要。 由中央佛罗里达大学和加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁斯分校领导的一个小组将开发一种新方法，减少模拟云和大气所需的计算机时间。这项技术将允许在3D中描述棕矮星和成像的系外行星大气的特征。这项技术将有助于研究云如何随着重要的大气特性（年龄、重力、温度和金属含量）而变化。它还将有助于测试预测这些大气中天气的技术。因此，这项工作将提高对大气的理解。这项工作将支持研究生和本科生，并将形成他们的论文的基础。将创建实践活动和视频，以使K-12学生熟悉大气层和编程。该提案的目标是实现褐矮星和成像系外行星大气层的3D表征。为了做到这一点，将创建一个替代辐射传输代码，该代码将使用神经网络的能力来模拟大气光谱，而时间仅为当前代码所需时间的一小部分。替代辐射传输代码将被用来创建一个三维映射代码，适合在贝叶斯框架的时间分辨观测。该代码将通过一个独立的、最先进的大气环流模型的输出进行交叉验证。地面望远镜已经提供了很好的数据，使这些大气层的三维测绘成为可能，在未来几十年内，适当的数据数量将大大增加。该代码将应用于现有的观测，以创建褐矮星大气的第一个3D地图。拟议中的工作将创造工具，使比较气候学在未来几十年中独一无二。替代辐射传输代码和3D映射代码将向社区提供开源。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Atmospheres and their clouds are crucial for how exoplanet and brown dwarfs cool down over time. Atmospheres and clouds are 3D. The typical techniques used to model them though, require a lot of computer time. To understand their properties they generally need to be simplified to 1D or 2D structures. However, knowing the 3D structure of clouds is important to understand how they affect the atmosphere. A team led by the University of Central Florida and the University of California-Santa Cruz will develop a new method that reduces the computer time needed to model clouds and atmospheres. This technique will allow a characterization of brown dwarf and imaged exoplanet atmospheres in 3D. This technique will help the study of how clouds change with important atmospheric properties (age, gravity, temperature and metallicity). It will also help test techniques that predict the weather in these atmospheres. This work will thus improve understanding of atmospheres. This work will support a graduate and an undergraduate student, and will form the basis for their thesis. Hands-on activities and videos will be created to familiarize K-12 students with atmospheres and programming.The goal of this proposal is to enable the 3D characterization of brown dwarf and imaged exoplanet atmospheres. In order to do this a surrogate radiative transfer code will be created that will use the power of neural networks to model spectra of atmospheres in a fraction of the time current codes need. The surrogate radiative transfer code will be used to create a 3D mapping code that fits time resolved observations in a Bayesian framework. The code will be cross-validated on output from an independent, state-of-the-art General Circulation Model. Ground-based telescopes already give excellent data that enable the 3D mapping of these atmospheres and in the next decades the number of appropriate data will increase considerably. The code will be applied on existing observations to create the first 3D maps of brown dwarf atmospheres. The proposed work will create tools that will uniquely enable comparative climatology in the next decades. The surrogate radiative transfer code and the 3D mapping code will be provided open source to the community.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.