Collaborative Research: Exploring Early Galaxy Formation and the Epoch of Reionization with the Hawaii-Two-0 (H20) Survey

了解星系如何以及何时形成必然涉及到对令人难以置信的遥远和微弱物体的研究。由于目前无法对数亿个极其微弱的星系进行光谱分析，覆盖许多平方度的深分辨率和高分辨率成像调查是确定光谱跟踪目标的首选方法。通过跨越宽波长范围的多个滤波器获得的图像-实际上，是一种非常低分辨率的光谱学形式-可以用来导出重要的属性，例如近似红移（距离），恒星质量和星星形成活动，以及形态和它们的环境。该奖项将支持夏威夷Two-0（H20）调查的完成和早期分析，这是一项超深和多波长的星系调查，覆盖天空中两个连续的10平方度区域，波长范围为0.36至4.5微米。该调查包括后续光谱与凯克和重叠领域的深层观测目标的欧几里得太空望远镜。该奖项还支持研究生研究，使本科生和当地高中生能够参与研究活动，开发西班牙语的普通教育课程，以及多个公共宣传活动。H20成像数据将在可预见的未来提供最大和唯一的宇宙学重要样本，预计将揭示50万个高z莱曼断裂星系，12，000个静止系统和50-100个z= 3-7的原星系团，以及导出的光度红移、恒星质量、星星形成率和灭绝率。这些数据将提供第一个明确的限制大规模的高z星系的演化，研究质量函数为不同人口的星系作为一个函数的红移和环境，原星系团的识别，并寻找罕见的对象，认为负责重新电离宇宙在星系形成的初始时期。保证凯克光谱学将用于寻找红移和校准光度红移，确认原星系团，测量Ly-alpha线的强度以寻找高逃逸分数物体，并测量星系物理参数的谱线诊断。创新的数据科学技术（例如，自组织地图（SOM）将被开发并应用于多维H20数据，以提取最大的科学信息。此外，H20目录对于建立欧几里得校准场也是必不可少的。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Understanding how and when galaxies form necessarily involves the study of incredibly distant and faint objects. Since spectroscopy of many hundreds of millions of extremely faint galaxies is not feasible currently, deep- and high-resolution imaging surveys covering many square degrees are the preferred method for identifying targets for spectroscopic follow-up. Images obtained through multiple filters spanning a wide wavelength range – in effect, a form of very low-resolution spectroscopy - can be used to derive important properties such as approximate redshifts (distances), stellar masses, and star formation activity, in addition to morphology and their environments. This award will support the completion and early analysis of the Hawaii Two-0 (H20) survey, an ultra- deep and multi-wavelength galaxy survey covering two contiguous 10-square degree regions of the sky in eight bands spanning 0.36 to 4.5 microns in wavelength. The survey includes follow-up spectroscopy with Keck and overlaps fields targeted for deep observations by the Euclid Space Telescope. The award also supports graduate student research, enables the participation of undergraduate and local high school students in research activities, develops general educational classes in Spanish, and multiple public outreach events.The H20 imaging data will provide the largest and only cosmologically significant sample for the foreseeable future and is expected to uncover 500,000 high-z Lyman Break galaxies, 12,000 quiescent systems and 50-100 proto-clusters at z= 3-7, with derived photometric redshifts, stellar masses, star formation rates and extinction. These data will provide the first definitive constraint on the evolution of massive high-z galaxies, a study of the mass function for different populations of galaxies as a function of redshift and environment, the identification of proto-clusters, and a search for rare objects believed responsible for re-ionizing the Universe during the initial epoch of galaxy formation. Guaranteed Keck spectroscopy will be used to find redshifts and calibrate photometric redshifts, confirm proto-clusters, measure the strength of the Ly-alpha lines to search for high- escape fraction objects and to measure spectral line diagnostics of galaxy physical parameters. Innovative data science techniques (e.g., self-organizing maps; SOMs) will be developed and applied to the multi-dimensional H20 data to extract maximum scientific information. The H20 catalogs will additionally be essential for building the Euclid calibration fields.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.