War, Revolution and the Expansion of Women's Political Citizenship

该项目探讨了1900至2022年间冲突与扩大妇女政治公民权之间的关系。它审议了政治公民身份的两种主要形式：妇女选举权和扩大妇女在国家和国家以下各级理事机构中的代表性。虽然有多种途径可以扩大妇女的公民身份，但在冲突和革命时期，妇女的政治权利往往增加得更快。第一次和第二次世界大战后帝国的衰落促进了后来新国家的建立，扩大了妇女的选举权和竞选公职的权利。内战、民族解放战争和革命在一定条件下扩大妇女的政治公民权方面也产生了类似的结果。这项研究从理论上加深了对冲突如何为扩大妇女公民身份创造机会和创造条件的理解。这项研究对于理解促进妇女权利的有利时机具有潜在的意义。这项研究涉及关于妇女在从旧的政治秩序向新的政治秩序过渡的关键时刻的政治公民权的档案和国内二级资料来源的研究。据推测，特别是在冲突导致政治精英发生变化的情况下，机会和妇女公民身份的扩大就会发生。冲突还开辟了机会结构(例如和平谈判、选举和宪法改革进程)，使妇女的权利得以调动。最后，这些变化往往发生在不断变化的全球规范扩散的背景下。选定的案例代表了不同类型的冲突。第一类包括在冲突背景下与帝国灭亡有关的不同时间和地点的案件。对于第二个群体来说，这场冲突是内战的结束。第三组，包括作为对比，是没有冲突的案例。这一裁决反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This project explores the relationship between conflict and the expansion of women’s political citizenship from 1900 to 2022. It considers two key forms of political citizenship: women’s suffrage and the expansion of women’s representation in national and subnational governing bodies. While there are multiple paths to expanding women’s citizenship, women’s political rights have often increased more rapidly in times of conflict and revolution. The decline of empires after World Wars I and II served as a catalyst for the subsequent creation of new nations along with the expansion of women’s suffrage and their right to run for office. Civil wars, wars of national liberation, and revolutions have had similar outcomes in expanding women’s political citizenship under certain conditions. This study advances theoretical understanding of how conflict opens up opportunities and creates conditions for the expansion of women’s citizenship. The study has potential implications for understanding propitious moments for advancing women’s rights. This study involves a study of archival and secondary in-country sources relating to women’s political citizenship at critical junctures of transition from an old to a new political order. It is hypothesized that the expansion of opportunities and women’s citizenship occurs especially where conflict leads to changes in the political elite. Conflict also opens up opportunity structures (e.g., peace talks, electoral and constitutional reform processes) that allow for women’s rights mobilization. Finally, these changes often occur in the context of a diffusion of changing global norms. Selected cases represent the different types of conflict. The first group includes cases diverse in time and location tied to the end of empire in the context of conflict. For a second group the conflict is the end of civil war. A third group, included for contrast, is cases with an absence of conflict.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.