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Midwives in the "Biopolitical Laboratory" of the "Reich District Wartheland" - Obstetrics between Privacy and Government Intervention

“帝国区沃特兰”“生物政治实验室”的助产士——隐私与政府干预之间的产科

基本信息

批准号：
254425648
负责人：
Professorin Dr. Cornelia Rauh
金额：
--
依托单位：
Institut für Zeitgeschichte (IfZ)
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2013-12-31 至 2019-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/254425648?language=en
关键词：
Midwives Biopolitical Laboratory Reich District

项目摘要

During the duration of the project from June 1, 2014, to November 30, 2016, German and Polish midwives will be taken into account as actors in each of their specific courses of action, motivations for action, and inherent logic. Midwives worked as experts in the female-dominated and simultaneously highly politically charged sphere of activity of birth and reproduction in the Reichsgau Wartheland. The superordinate germanization and biopolitical goal of creating an efficient extended ethnic community and at the same time breaking the biological power of the Polish population defined obstetrics and the work of midwives. German and Polish midwives worked at the interface between the domestic, private sphere and governmental access. On the one hand, they had an interdependent function as attendants for women in the periods of biological upheaval of pregnancy, birth, and early parenthood, and on the other, invested with government orders, German midwives with instruments of power as well, were partially responsible for the implementation of National Socialist biopolicy. Depending on ones ethnic membership and race-related classification in accordance with the National Socialist race and biopolicy, pregnancy, birth, and early parenthood were subject to completely different conditions. The prioritization of germanization and race policy as well as the racist social hierarchy in the Warthegau provided midwives in the German Reich with a new position of authority and power. In their area of competence, they independently promoted the relevant implementation of the policy. However, it was primarily Polish midwives who assumed the major share of obstetrical care, including among the German population, and they frequently had an unbroken relationship of trust with their ethnic German clientele. Trust between a midwife and her clientele was capable of creating an enablement space in which, at least at times, the needs and ideas of the respective actors were given priority, where even abortions were possible and bans on interaction as well as germanization and biopolitical goals shifted into the background. In the continuance of the funding being applied for here, focus will be placed on Polish-Jewish midwives as actors, their opportunities for action, and their interaction with their clientele as well as their non-Jewish environment. Polish-Jewish midwives were excluded from assisting at the birth of children by non-Jewish women. The opportunities for interaction with the non-Jewish environment were constricted with the increasing social exclusion and ghettoization of the Jewish population. Focusing on Polish-Jewish midwives enables contributing to what Saul Friedländer calls an integrated historiography of the Holocaust for the area of birth and reproduction and bringing together the highly divergent and increasingly antagonistic interactions, experiences, and perspectives of German, Polish, and Jewish midwives in the Warthegau region.

在2014年6月1日至2016年11月30日的项目期间，德国和波兰的助产士将被视为每个具体行动方案、行动动机和内在逻辑的参与者。在帝国高的沃特兰，助产士在女性占主导地位、同时又高度政治化的生育和生殖活动领域担任专家。德国化和生物政治的目标是建立一个有效的扩大的民族社区，同时打破波兰人口的生物权力，这两个目标定义了产科和助产士的工作。德国和波兰的助产士在家庭、私人领域和政府准入之间的界面上工作。一方面，她们在怀孕、分娩和初为人父母等生理动荡时期充当妇女的服务员，发挥着相互依赖的作用;另一方面，德国助产士也被赋予了政府的命令和权力工具，对国家社会主义生物政策的实施负有部分责任。根据一个人的种族成员身份和按照国家社会主义种族和生物政策进行的种族分类，怀孕、生育和早育受到完全不同的条件的限制。德国化和种族政策的优先地位以及瓦尔泰高的种族主义社会等级制度为德意志赖希的助产士提供了一个新的权威和权力地位。他们在各自的职权范围内，独立推动政策的相关落实。然而，主要是波兰助产士承担了产科护理的主要份额，包括在德国人口中，她们经常与其德裔客户保持着不间断的信任关系。助产士和她的客户之间的信任能够创造一个有利的空间，在这个空间中，至少在某些时候，各自行为者的需求和想法得到优先考虑，甚至堕胎也是可能的，禁止互动以及德国化和生物政治目标都被转移到了后台。在继续申请资金的过程中，重点将放在波兰犹太助产士作为行为者、他们的行动机会、他们与客户的互动以及他们的非犹太环境上。波兰犹太助产士被排除在协助非犹太妇女分娩的范围之外。随着犹太人日益受到社会排斥和隔离，与非犹太人环境互动的机会受到限制。关注波兰犹太助产士，有助于扫罗弗里德兰德所谓的大屠杀的出生和生殖领域的综合史学，并汇集了德国，波兰和犹太助产士在瓦尔特高地区的高度分歧和日益对立的互动，经验和观点。