Mass Media as actors in urban planning conflicts

大众传媒作为城市规划冲突的参与者

• 批准号: 255429546
• 负责人: Professor Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krüger
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Arbeitsgebiet Projektentwicklung und Projektmanagement in der Stadtplanung
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2013-12-31 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/255429546?language=en
• 关键词: Mass; Media; actors; urban; planning

In western democracies conflicts in urban planning are a common and pervasive phenomena. Such conflicts cause protracted implementation, alteration of schemes, additional expenditures, and occasionally abandonment of plans, but in a way increasing democratic participation. The configuration of actors in many controversies is shaped by a characteristic confrontation between two contending parties: the supporters of a proposal, namely public officials and private developers, and their opponents, aggrieved local citizens or small business actors. Often these controversies evolve into a public issue as well as into a matter of extensive media coverage. At this point both mass media and the public sphere play an important part in the conflict as actor or arena. This is a result of three facts: (1) the expansion of the conflict's scope into a public one with widespread media attention, (2) the agenda building by the political actors to influence the news and the public opinion; (3) the political independence of mass media only under certain circumstances. This study investigates the role of mass media in planning-related process of decision making and implementation. Urban Politics scholars come to the conclusion that mass media are able to affect or alter the balance of power in urban planning conflicts and even more its outcomes. This research project examines whether mass media are a real influencing factor in such controversies. Especially the study inquires on what terms mass media could become a competing arena to planning institutions and influencing or questioning negotiated political decisions. The methodology used here is a theory-based, comparative multiple-case design. It includes an issue-specific set of case studies with similar context but different outcomes. The study investigates six controversies over proposed sites for innercity shopping center. Based on the latest state of the art the study uses an explanatory model with the media as independent variable causing negative, intervening effects for proposals. This case is a rare but crucial one that occurs only under certain political conditions. The explanatory approach here conceives these terms as intervening variables. The work programme of the study has to observe, identify and analyze the causal chains of occurences, claims and acts of conflict and corresponding political communication in the media. Key to success is the political claims-analysis that enables to gather all public speech acts including protest events that articulate political demands, calls to action, proposals or criticisms. This systematic, quantitative content analysis allows three facets: to measure which political actors are visible and resonate in the media, to identify changes in the public debate and to estimate the effects of mass media that lead to outcomes in the political process.

在西方民主国家，城市规划中的冲突是一种普遍而普遍的现象。这种冲突导致长期执行、更改计划、额外支出，有时还会放弃计划，但在某种程度上增加了民主参与。在许多争议中，行为者的配置是由两个竞争各方之间的典型对抗决定的：提案的支持者，即公职人员和私人开发商，以及他们的反对者，愤愤不平的当地公民或小企业行为者。这些争议往往会演变成一个公共问题，也会成为媒体广泛报道的问题。在这一点上，大众媒体和公共领域都作为行动者或竞技场在冲突中发挥了重要作用。这是三个事实的结果：(1)冲突的范围扩大为媒体广泛关注的公共冲突；(2)政治行为者为影响新闻和舆论而制定议程；(3)只有在某些情况下，大众媒体才具有政治独立性。本研究旨在探讨大众传媒在规划相关决策与执行过程中的作用。城市政治学者得出的结论是，大众传媒能够影响或改变城市规划冲突中的力量平衡，甚至影响或改变其结果。这项研究项目考察了大众媒体是否是此类争议的真正影响因素。特别是，这项研究询问大众媒体可以成为规划机构、影响或质疑谈判政治决策的竞争舞台。这里使用的方法是一种基于理论的、比较的多病例设计。它包括一套针对具体问题的案例研究，背景相似，但结果不同。这项研究调查了六个关于市中心购物中心选址的争议。基于最新的技术水平，这项研究使用了一个解释模型，以媒体为自变量，对提案产生负面的、干预的影响。这是一起罕见但关键的案件，只有在特定的政治条件下才会发生。这里的解释方法将这些术语视为中间变量。这项研究的工作方案必须观察、确定和分析冲突的发生、主张和行为以及媒体中相应的政治交流的因果链条。成功的关键是政治主张--能够收集所有公开言论行为的分析，包括表达政治要求、行动呼吁、建议或批评的抗议活动。这一系统的、定量的内容分析允许三个方面：衡量哪些政治行为者在媒体中可见并引起共鸣，确定公共辩论中的变化，以及估计大众媒体对政治进程结果的影响。