Quantification in Old Italian

该项目于2015年4月实施，目的是分析古意大利语(Oi，=Old Florentine)量词系统。众所周知，这个系统(I)偏离了现代意大利的系统，(Ii)显示了具有普遍理论意义的现象。在项目的第一部分(2017年3月结束)，我们从古意大利语OVI语料库中提取了大约4.200个包含量词niente、neuno、alcuno、veruno、tutto、nullo、Nessuno的例子。这些数据被输入数据表，进行分类，并进行定量和定性的分析。仅举几个例子，我们在大量的演讲和一篇发表的文章中展示了我们的结果，我们能够分析Cosa‘thing’作为一种轻名词与几个量词组合的用法；alcuno‘ome(One)’在OI中用作否定极性项，并以复杂的方式与否定和否定量词相互作用。我们对否定成分或名词的考察表明，它们可以根据不同的结构位置有不同的解释。为了理解这些性质，我们不得不重新审视OI中的否定机制。在这种情况下，我们设法表明，通常被描述为Old Romance Options Native Concord的东西只在OI中才明显。至于正在建设的数据库，我们沿着量词及其嵌入的句子的某些句法和语义属性的网格对所有数据进行分类；这些属性由一系列标签(标记)表示。我们已经开始与帕多瓦大学的G.Di Nunzio合作，他正在将我们的标记集实现到用于意大利句法地图集(ASIT)的数据库系统中，我们开始将我们的数据输出到这个系统中。该项目的延长旨在通过收集大约7.500个剩余量词(主要是molto、parecchio；分布量词，如ogni、chiunque、ciascun、catun；以及Qual-X类型的存在量词)的样本，并将它们与我们已有的数据一起实施到ASIT数据库系统中，以完成我们开始获得的经验概述(目标1)。由于我们开发了特定的标记，这些数据将被评估以回答一系列关于OI量词的句法、语义和语用的研究问题(目标2)。从理论的角度，我们旨在分析OI QPS的内部结构，包括词序交替和不连续的问题(目标3)，并分析Q中心语的内部结构以及OI量词系统在我们定义的三个时期的总体演变(目标4)。最后，我们将调查是否(以及如何)OI Q可以被成分分析(目标5)，以及发生了什么变化以产生MI系统(目标6)。

The aim of the project, implemented in April 2015, is to analyze the Old Italian (OI, =Old Florentine) quantifier system. This system is known (i) to diverge from the Modern Italian system and (ii) to display phenomena that are of a general theoretical interest. In the first part of the project (ending in March 2017), we have extracted around 4.200 examples containing the quantifiers niente, neuno, alcuno, veruno, tutto, nullo, nessuno from the OVI Corpus of Old Italian. These data were fed into data tables, classified, and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. To give only a few examples of our results, which we presented in a large number of talks and one published article, we were able to analyze the use of cosa 'thing' as a kind of light noun combining with several quantifiers; alcuno 'some(one)' functioned as a negative polarity item in OI and interacted with negation and negative quantifiers in an intricate way. Our investigation of negative elements or n-words has shown that they can have different interpretations according to different structural positions. To understand these properties, we had to reexamine the mechanisms of negation in OI. In this context, we managed to show, among others, that what is usually described as Old Romance optional negative concord is only apparent in OI.As for the database under construction, we classified all data along a grid of certain syntactic and semantic properties of the quantifiers and the sentences in which they are embedded; these properties are expressed by a series of labels (tags). We have initiated a cooperation with G. Di Nunzio of the University of Padua, who is implementing our tagset into the database system used for the Syntactic Atlas of Italy (ASIt), and we are beginning to export our data to this system.The prolongation of the project aims at completing the empirical overview we started acquiring by gathering around 7.500 samples of the remaining quantifiers (mainly molto, parecchio; distributive quantifiers such as ogni, chiunque, ciascun, catun; and existential quantifiers of the type qual-X) and to implement them into the ASIt database system, together with the data we already have (goal 1). Thanks to the specific tagging we developed, these data will be evaluated to answer a large series of research questions concerning the syntax, the semantics and the pragmatics of OI quantifiers (goal 2). From the theoretical point of view, we aim at analyzing the internal structure of OI QPs, including issues of word-order alternations and discontinuity (goal 3), and at analyzing the internal structure of Q heads and the evolution of the OI quantifier system in general across the three periods we have defined (goal 4). Finally, we will investigate whether (and how) OI Qs can be analyzed compositionally (goal 5), and what changes have occurred so as to yield the MI system (goal 6).