Quantification in Old Italian

该项目于2015年4月实施，目的是分析古意大利语（OI, =古佛罗伦萨语）量词系统。这个系统是已知的(1)从现代意大利系统的分歧和(2)显示的现象是普遍的理论兴趣。在项目的第一部分（2017年3月结束）中，我们从OVI古意大利语语料库中提取了大约4200个包含量词niente， neuno, alcuno, veruno, tutto, nullo， nessuno的例子。这些数据被输入数据表，分类，并进行定量和定性分析。举几个例子来说明我们的结果，我们在大量的演讲和一篇发表的文章中展示了这些结果，我们能够分析cosa ‘thing’作为一种轻名词与几个量词结合的用法；alcuno ‘some(one)’在OI中充当负极性条目，并以复杂的方式与否定和否定量词相互作用。我们对否定元素或n词的研究表明，它们可以根据不同的结构位置有不同的解释。为了理解这些特性，我们必须重新研究成骨不全的机制。在这种情况下，我们设法表明，除其他外，通常被描述为罗曼史可选的消极和谐只在OI中明显。对于正在构建的数据库，我们沿着量词及其所嵌入的句子的某些语法和语义属性的网格对所有数据进行分类；这些属性由一系列标签（tags）表示。我们已经开始与帕多瓦大学的G. Di Nunzio合作，他正在将我们的标签集实现到用于意大利句法图谱（Syntactic Atlas of Italy, ASIt）的数据库系统中，并开始将我们的数据导出到该系统中。该项目的延长旨在完成我们通过收集大约7500个剩余量词样本（主要是molto， parrecchio；分布量词，如ogni， chiunque, ciascun, catun；以及类型为quality - x的存在量词）开始获得的经验概述，并将它们与我们已经拥有的数据一起实现到ASIt数据库系统中（目标1）。由于我们开发了特定的标签，这些数据将被评估，以回答一系列关于OI量词的语法、语义和语用的研究问题（目标2）。从理论的角度来看，我们的目的是分析OI QPs的内部结构，包括词序变化和不连续的问题（目标3），并分析Q头的内部结构和OI量词系统在我们定义的三个时期的总体演变（目标4）。最后，我们将调查是否（以及如何）可以对OI q进行组合分析（目标5），以及发生了哪些变化以产生MI系统（目标6）。

The aim of the project, implemented in April 2015, is to analyze the Old Italian (OI, =Old Florentine) quantifier system. This system is known (i) to diverge from the Modern Italian system and (ii) to display phenomena that are of a general theoretical interest. In the first part of the project (ending in March 2017), we have extracted around 4.200 examples containing the quantifiers niente, neuno, alcuno, veruno, tutto, nullo, nessuno from the OVI Corpus of Old Italian. These data were fed into data tables, classified, and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. To give only a few examples of our results, which we presented in a large number of talks and one published article, we were able to analyze the use of cosa 'thing' as a kind of light noun combining with several quantifiers; alcuno 'some(one)' functioned as a negative polarity item in OI and interacted with negation and negative quantifiers in an intricate way. Our investigation of negative elements or n-words has shown that they can have different interpretations according to different structural positions. To understand these properties, we had to reexamine the mechanisms of negation in OI. In this context, we managed to show, among others, that what is usually described as Old Romance optional negative concord is only apparent in OI.As for the database under construction, we classified all data along a grid of certain syntactic and semantic properties of the quantifiers and the sentences in which they are embedded; these properties are expressed by a series of labels (tags). We have initiated a cooperation with G. Di Nunzio of the University of Padua, who is implementing our tagset into the database system used for the Syntactic Atlas of Italy (ASIt), and we are beginning to export our data to this system.The prolongation of the project aims at completing the empirical overview we started acquiring by gathering around 7.500 samples of the remaining quantifiers (mainly molto, parecchio; distributive quantifiers such as ogni, chiunque, ciascun, catun; and existential quantifiers of the type qual-X) and to implement them into the ASIt database system, together with the data we already have (goal 1). Thanks to the specific tagging we developed, these data will be evaluated to answer a large series of research questions concerning the syntax, the semantics and the pragmatics of OI quantifiers (goal 2). From the theoretical point of view, we aim at analyzing the internal structure of OI QPs, including issues of word-order alternations and discontinuity (goal 3), and at analyzing the internal structure of Q heads and the evolution of the OI quantifier system in general across the three periods we have defined (goal 4). Finally, we will investigate whether (and how) OI Qs can be analyzed compositionally (goal 5), and what changes have occurred so as to yield the MI system (goal 6).