Collaborative Research: NSFGEO/NERC: After the cataclysm: cryptic degassing and delayed recovery in the wake of Large Igneous Province volcanism

大火成岩省的火山活动与异常的地幔熔融和大量的喷发事件有关，这些事件与过去5亿年地球历史中的主要大规模喷发有关。过去三十年的重大研究使这些事件的极端性质成为焦点。但在这些灾难性事件发生后，对恢复的性质和克里思的控制仍然是未知的，尽管这可能会影响到潜在的气候系统临界点。特别是，在一些大火成岩省之后，气候变暖的时间出乎意料地延长，环境和生物恢复延迟，这突出表明人们对这些事件的衰退阶段释放的气体和/或对全球气候的控制缺乏基本的了解。该项目将进行多学科的努力，结合实地观察;火山活动，气候，风化和生命的高分辨率记录;以及数值建模，以了解扰动和恢复期间固体和地表地球的共同演变。这是一个由国家科学基金会地球科学理事会（NSF/GEO）和联合王国国家环境研究理事会（NERC）通过NSF/GEO-NERC牵头机构协议联合资助的项目。该协议允许美国/英国提交一份联合提案，并由研究者拥有最大预算比例的机构进行同行评审。一旦成功地共同确定了一项奖励建议，每个机构就为支助各自国家机构科学家的预算部分提供资金。 该项目由地球科学理事会共同资助，旨在支持人工智能/机器学习在地球科学领域的进步。该项目解决了一个基本的悬而未决的问题：是什么过程塑造了气候和生物从主要的大火成岩省驱动的碳循环扰动中恢复过来？该项目旨在测试新的总体假设，即地壳流变学的大规模转变关闭了大型火成岩省火山活动，但持续的地幔熔融推动了神秘的二氧化碳释放，并延迟了气候和生物恢复。 如果正确的话，这一假设意味着神秘的脱气-二氧化碳通过地壳释放，与火山爆发率脱钩-是一个关键，以前没有考虑到，控制气候条件和克里思特征恢复。为了验证这一假设，该项目追求四个关键的科学目标：1）开发高分辨率、多学科的火山作用和风化记录，2）耦合地幔地球动力学、岩浆输送和放气模型，3）将过去气候和风化记录同化到气候-地球化学模拟中，以反演放气通量，并对内部演化施加自上而下的约束，4）将古生物学数据库与火山活动、气候和风化的记录和建模相结合，以测试影响哪些类型的生物体在恢复后仍能茁壮成长的因素。该项目利用了三个强大的自然实验室大火成岩省和气候事件，从最年轻和最好的解决方案，哥伦比亚河玄武岩和中中新世气候最佳;到更庞大的北大西洋火成岩省，古新世-始新世热最大值和早始新世气候最佳;最后到西伯利亚陷阱，二叠纪末灾难性的大灭绝和早三叠纪温室。该项目将在俄勒冈州东北部、哥伦比亚河玄武岩火山活动的中心和项目现场工作地点开展持续的外展/深入工作。活动旨在通过农村社区的参与使科学人性化并加强教育。项目PI和学生将通过以下方式与俄勒冈州和新泽西的学龄儿童以及全球大型火成岩省研究人员进行接触：数据门户和一系列虚拟实地考察;大型火成岩省儿童编程，形式为访问瓦洛厄县学校和与项目科学家的“写科学家”通信;一场在中...该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值进行评估，被认为值得支持和更广泛的影响审查标准。

Large Igneous Province volcanism is associated with extraordinary mantle melting and voluminous eruptive episodes, which have been linked to major mass extinctions through the past half-billion years of Earth’s history. Significant research over the last three decades has brought the extreme nature of these events into focus. But controls on the nature and tempo of recovery after these catastrophic events remain unknown, despite implications for potential climate system tipping points. In particular, unexpectedly protracted periods of warm climate and delayed environmental and biological recovery following some Large Igneous Provinces underscore a fundamental lack of understanding of the gases released during the waning stages of these events and/or controls on global climate. This project will carry out a multi-disciplinary effort combining field observations; high-resolution records of volcanism, climate, weathering, and life; and numerical modeling to understand co-evolution of solid and surface Earth during perturbation and recovery. This is a project jointly funded by the National Science Foundation’s Directorate for Geosciences (NSF/GEO) and the National Environment Research Council (NERC) of the United Kingdom (UK) via the NSF/GEO-NERC Lead Agency Agreement. This Agreement allows a single joint US/UK proposal to be submitted and peer-reviewed by the Agency whose investigator has the largest proportion of the budget. Upon successful joint determination of an award recommendation, each Agency funds the proportion of the budget that supports scientists at institutions in their respective countries. This project is co-funded by the Directorate for Geosciences to support AI/ML advancement in the geosciences.This project addresses a fundamental unanswered question: what processes shape climate and biotic recovery from major Large Igneous Province-driven carbon cycle perturbations? The project aims to test the new overarching hypothesis that a large-scale transition in crustal rheology shuts down Large Igneous Province volcanism, but continued mantle melting drives cryptic Carbon Dioxide release and delays climate and biotic recovery. If correct, this hypothesis implies that cryptic degassing—Carbon Dioxide release through the crust decoupled from eruption rates—is a key, and previously unaccounted for, control on the climatic conditions and tempo characterizing recovery. To test this hypothesis, this project pursues four key scientific objectives: 1) development of high-resolution, multi-disciplinary records of volcanism and weathering, 2) coupling of models of mantle geodynamics, magma transport, and outgassing, 3) assimilation of records of past climate and weathering into climate-biogeochemical modeling to invert for outgassing fluxes and place top-down constraints on interior evolution, 4) integration of paleobiological databases with records and modeling of volcanism, climate and weathering to test factors shaping which types of organisms thrive beyond recovery. The project leverages three powerful natural laboratory Large Igneous Provinces and climate events, building from the youngest and best-resolved, the Columbia River Basalts and Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum; to the more voluminous North Atlantic Igneous Province, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, and Early Eocene Climatic Optimum; and finally to the Siberian Traps, catastrophic end-Permian mass extinction, and early Triassic hothouse. The project will carry out a sustained outreach/inreach effort in northeastern Oregon, the epicenter of Columbia River Basalt volcanism and site of project field work. Activities aim to humanize science and enhance education through engagement of rural communities. Project PIs and students will engage school-age children in Oregon and New Jersey, and global Large Igneous Province researchers through: a data portal and set of virtual field trips; Large Igneous Provinces for Kids programming in the form of visits to Wallowa county schools and ‘Write a Scientist’ correspondences with project scientists; and a field forum at the mid-point of the project that will welcome the Large Igneous Province community.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.