Demographic Change and Regional Labour Markets

关于人口变化的公共和科学讨论，即社会萎缩和老龄化同时发生，集中在人口发展对社会保障制度的影响以及熟练劳动力短缺对经济发展的潜在后果。然而，尽管人口变化显示出相当大的区域异质性，但区域观点往往被忽视。关于人口变化对区域劳动力市场的影响以及劳动力和企业的潜在适应反应，有各种各样的理论考虑。关于人口变化或适应反应对区域劳动力市场影响的经验证据相对较少，尤其是由于缺乏适当的数据，而且主要集中在个别区域的案例研究上。由于有了新的数据集，例如联邦就业局研究数据中心（FDZ）的就业统计数据，可通过联邦统计局获得的居民办事处的移民统计数据，以及越来越多的地理参考数据，现在可以在区域一级进行更详细的分析。以下问题是研究项目的核心，需要通过经验来回答：就地区差异和相似性而言，德国的人口模式是什么？这种模式如何与当地劳动力市场的发展相关联？地域异质性的年龄结构是否导致了德国境内特定年龄的内部移民？哪些区域特征决定了国内和国际移民的地点选择？就其就业政策而言，公司如何对其所在地的人口结构作出反应？年龄结构的变化如何影响工资和财富？在项目的延伸过程中，我们旨在更详细地分析空间人口两极分化的发展，以及妇女和老年人的劳动力市场参与情况。前者关注的问题是，国际移民的地点选择是否扩大或减轻了德国的空间人口两极分化，这一问题在第一阶段并不是该项目的重点。该项目的第二个目标是调查人口空间变化是否影响妇女和老年人的劳动力供应。

The public and scientific discussion about the demographic change, i.e. the simultaneous shrinkage and aging of society, concentrates on the effects of the demographic development on social security systems and the potential consequences of a shortage in skilled labor for the economic development. The regional perspective, however, is often neglected, although the demographic change shows a considerable regional heterogeneity. There are various theoretical considerations on the effects of demographic change on regional labor markets, as well as on the potential adaptation responses of the workforce and enterprises. Empirical evidence on the regional labor market effects of demographic change or the adaptation reactions is comparatively rare, not least due to the lack of availability of suitable data, and is mainly concentrates on case studies of individual regions.Due to newly available data sets, such as the employment statistics at the Research Data Center (FDZ) of the Federal Agency for Employment at the IAB, the migration statistics of the residents' offices, which can be obtained via the Federal Statistical Office, as well as the growing availability of georeferenced data, more detailed analyses on the regional level are now possible. The following questions are at the center of the research project and are to be answered empirically: What are the demographic patterns in Germany in terms of regional differences and similarities and how do this patterns correlate with the development of local labor markets? Does the regionally heterogeneous age structure lead to age-specific internal migration within Germany and which regional characteristics determine the location choice of internal and international migrants? How do firms react to the demographic structure of their location with regard to their employment policy? How does the changed age structure affect wages and wealth? In the prolongation of the project we aim to analyze the development of spatial demographic polarization in more detail as well as the labor market participation of women and the elderly. The former concentrates on the question whether the location choice of international migrants, which has not been in the focus of the project in its first phase, amplify or mitigate the spatial demographic polarization in Germany. The second goal of the project is to investigate whether spatial demographic change affects the labour supply of women and the elderly.