Gains and losses in reputation: Neural substrates, the role of dopamine, and reward prediction errors.

我们的声誉对我们很重要；当我们发现人们对我们评价很高时，我们会感觉很好，当我们发现人们对我们的评价不高时，我们会感觉很糟糕。行为研究表明，声誉可以被认为是一种商品，类似于商品或金钱，因为人们会采取行动来获得声誉收益或避免声誉损失。然而，重要的是，人类大脑处理有关个人声誉的社会反馈的方式目前尚不清楚。声誉是像其他非社会商品一样被处理，还是以一种独特的方式，神经底物只为社会现象所保留？考虑到这一点，我们建议调查人类如何处理声誉得失的三个方面，并将其与更好地理解非社会金钱奖励和损失的处理联系起来。我们首先的目标是描述处理声誉得失的神经基础。其次，我们将研究神经递质多巴胺在声誉处理中的作用。最后，我们将检验声誉的收益或损失是否可以在强化学习理论的“预测误差”框架内解释。如果我们的假设是正确的，我们的结果将在神经和行为层面上阐明社会反馈的加工，并将展示非社会金钱奖赏和损失的加工的异同。

Our reputation is important to us; we feel good when we find out that people think highly of us, and we feel bad when we find out that people think poorly of us. Behavioral research has demonstrated that reputation can be considered as a commodity, similar to goods or money, in that people will take action to obtain gains or avoid losses in reputation. Importantly however, the way in which the human brain processes social feedback regarding one's reputation is currently unclear. Is reputation processed like other non-social commodities, or in a unique way, with neural substrates reserved just for social phenomena? With this in mind, we propose to investigate three aspects of how humans process gains and losses in reputation, and relate this to the better-understood processing of non-social monetary reward and loss. We first aim to characterize the neural underpinnings of processing gains and losses in reputation. Second, we will investigate the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in reputation processing. Last, we will examine whether gains or losses in reputation can be explained within the "prediction error" framework from reinforcement learning theory. If our hypotheses are correct, our results will elucidate the processing of social feedback at the neural and behavioral levels, and will demonstrate similarities and differences with the processing of non-social monetary rewards and losses.