CLASH-VLT - The Largest Spectroscopic Survey of Massive Galaxy Clusters to Date: a new reference dataset for cosmology, galaxy evolution, and structure formation

我们建议利用迄今为止最大的大质量透镜星系团的多波长数据集，在我们对宇宙的理解上迈出重要的一步，解决一些基本问题，如：宇宙基本成分的性质是什么，大尺度结构是如何形成和演化的，以及宇宙是如何富含金属的？前所未有的质量和数量的数据,结合最先进的强和弱透镜的技术分析和减法的重子的组件从星系团质量档案,和即将到来的新一代仪器的使用(即在VLT和阿尔玛),将使我们:1)首次获得明确的暗物质的质量档案,提供的第一个有意义的测试NFW普遍性的暗物质的质量预测剖面形状;2)提供精确的质量校准，这是精确宇宙学的基础；3)获得团簇内介质金属富集的物理机制的观测约束；4)获得早期宇宙中恒星形成的固体约束，可能探索尚未探索的再电离时代。

We propose to exploit the largest multi-wavelength dataset of massive lensing clusters of galaxies to date, to obtain a major step forward in our understanding of the Universe, addressing fundamental questions such as: what is the nature of the fundamental constituents of the Universe, how did the large scale structure form and evolve, and how was the Universe enriched with metals? The unprecedented quality and quantity of data, the combination of state-of-the-art techniques for strong and weak lensing analysis and for the subtraction of the baryonic component from mass profiles of galaxy clusters, and the use of the upcoming new generation of instruments (i.e. at VLT and ALMA), will enable us: 1) to derive for the first time definitive dark matter mass profiles, providing the first meaningful test of the NFW prediction of universality of dark matter mass profile shapes; 2) to provide accurate mass calibration, fundamental for precision cosmology; 3) to obtain observational constraints on the physical mechanisms responsible for the metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium; 4) to obtain solid constraints on star formation in the early Universe, possibly probing the still unexplored epoch of reionization.