Influences of Coherent Structures on Validity of the Constant Flux Layer Assumptions in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer

不稳定大气表层相干结构对恒定通量层假设有效性的影响

• 批准号: 2325687
• 负责人: Heping Liu
• 金额: $ 44.08万
• 依托单位: Washington State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-08-01 至 2026-07-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2325687&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Influences; Coherent; Structures; Validity; Constant

In many applications such as weather and climate modeling, it is assumed that the transfer rate for scalars (i.e., scalar fluxes), including heat, water vapor, CO2, and other greenhouse gases, is constant with respect to height in the atmospheric surface layer, the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This so-called constant flux layer assumption is also widely used in land-surface flux measurements to quantify scalar fluxes to and from land surfaces. However, the reported failure of this assumption implies that scalar fluxes measured and modeled in the atmospheric surface layer are not equivalent to the fluxes across the surface-atmosphere interface, leading to uncertainty in measured and modeled fluxes in these applications. Despite the abundant studies on the roles of large turbulent eddies (i.e., coherent structures) in contributing to scalar fluxes, it is not well understood as to how large turbulent eddies contribute to changes in fluxes with height in the atmospheric surface layer. The objective of this project is to study what physical mechanisms regulate the attributes of large eddies across height that lead to varying contributions to fluxes with height, contributing to the failure of the constant flux layer assumption across a wide range of atmospheric conditions. By leveraging the existing facilities and as guided by flux budget equations, a field experiment will be conducted over the large water body of Ross Barnett Reservoir in Ridgeland, Mississippi, with a flux tower equipped with five levels of eddy covariance systems and other instruments. The field experiment will provide a unique dataset that minimizes the influence of advective terms and enables more precise examination of the attributes of large turbulent eddies. A combined approach of several analysis methods, such as fast Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and ensemble empirical decomposition mode, will be used to characterize the attributes of large turbulent eddies and their variations with height across instability ranges. Quadrant analysis will be used to quantify asymmetric flux contributions from sweeps and ejections of large turbulent eddies, enabling an analysis of the underlying mechanisms that modulate changes in fluxes with height. Further, such analyses will allow the study of mechanisms that lead to different behaviors of height-varying fluxes for different scalars. The field experiment will generate a unique dataset valuable for studying a wide range of topics in micrometeorology, hydrometeorology, boundary-layer turbulence, lake evaporation, water-atmosphere interactions, carbon emissions from inland waters, water budget for freshwater management, and aquatic ecosystems. An involved Ph.D. student will gain first-hand experience in designing, preparing, and conducting micrometeorological experiments and learn eddy covariance techniques, data analysis theories and tools, and many other research skills. Mini-research projects using the datasets collected in this project will be developed and incorporated into the curriculum of one undergraduate course and two graduate courses being taught by the PI for students’ term projects. Short films and presentations about the field experiment and research findings will be disseminated in scientific conferences and seminars as well as the PI’s department websites for diverse audiences.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在天气和气候建模等许多应用中，假设标量（即标量通量）（包括热量、水蒸气、二氧化碳和其他温室气体）的传输率相对于大气表层（大气的最低层）的高度是恒定的。这种所谓的恒定通量层假设也广泛用于陆地表面通量测量，以量化往返陆地表面的标量通量。然而，据报道，这一假设的失败意味着在大气表层中测量和建模的标量通量并不等于穿过表面-大气界面的通量，导致这些应用中测量和建模的通量存在不确定性。尽管对大湍流涡流（即相干结构）在标量通量贡献中的作用进行了大量研究，但对于大湍流涡流如何影响大气表层高度通量的变化尚不清楚。该项目的目标是研究什么物理机制调节跨高度的大涡流的属性，这些属性导致对通量随高度的变化的贡献，从而导致在各种大气条件下恒定通量层假设的失败。通过利用现有设施并在通量预算方程的指导下，将在密西西比州里奇兰罗斯巴尼特水库的大型水体上进行现场实验，其中通量塔配备有五级涡流协方差系统和其他仪器。现场实验将提供一个独特的数据集，最大限度地减少平流项的影响，并能够更精确地检查大型湍流涡流的属性。结合快速傅里叶变换、小波变换和系综经验分解模式等多种分析方法，将用于表征大湍流涡流的属性及其在不稳定范围内随高度的变化。象限分析将用于量化大型湍流涡流的扫掠和喷射所产生的不对称通量贡献，从而能够分析调节通量随高度变化的基本机制。此外，此类分析将允许研究导致不同标量的高度变化通量的不同行为的机制。现场实验将生成一个独特的数据集，对于研究微气象学、水文气象学、边界层湍流、湖泊蒸发、水-大气相互作用、内陆水域碳排放、淡水管理的水预算和水生生态系统等广泛主题具有重要价值。一名参与其中的博士。学生将获得设计、准备和进行微气象实验的第一手经验，并学习涡流协方差技术、数据分析理论和工具以及许多其他研究技能。使用本项目中收​​集的数据集开发小型研究项目，并将其纳入 PI 为学生学期项目教授的一门本科课程和两门研究生课程的课程中。关于现场实验和研究结果的短片和演示将在科学会议和研讨会以及 PI 部门网站上向不同受众传播。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。