Collaborative Research: CEDAR: Searching for the Strongest Thermospheric Wind and Highest Temperature inside Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancements

合作研究：CEDAR：在强热发射速度增强中寻找最强的热层风和最高温度

• 批准号: 2332311
• 负责人: Ying Zou
• 金额: $ 23.81万
• 依托单位: Johns Hopkins University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-05-01 至 2024-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2332311&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; CEDAR; Searching; Strongest

This award is funded in whole or in part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2).Auroras are a spectacular display of the effects of Sun's energetic particles raining down and colliding with Earth’s atmosphere at high latitudes. These colorful displays are widely observed to have several typical shapes and colors. Recently, a ‘new’ type of aurora-like light at high latitudes has been observed. It often consists of a narrow purple arc with narrow green ‘picket-fence’ features. Its distinct shapes and colors are different from typical auroras. Scientists named it as STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement). Because STEVE occurs at lower latitudes than typical auroras (called sub-auroral region), it is believed to be associated with a strong flow of charged particles in the ionosphere, a layer above our atmosphere with free-flowing ions and electrons. Research on STEVE will help us understand the interactions between the high and low latitude ionosphere and how solar energy impacts the entire Earth’s atmosphere system and space weather.As its name suggested, STEVE is interpreted to be due to the chemiluminescent reactions induced by heat generated by strong ion neutral interaction at large ion drift (~ 5000 m/s). To test the hypothesis of heat from strong ion-neutral interaction causing STEVE, both ion drift and thermospheric wind observations are necessary. The Swarm satellites have provided ion drift data in STEVE studies, but observations are missing for the thermospheric wind and temperature observations in the sub-auroral region. To obtain thermospheric temperature and wind observations for ascertaining the STEVE emission mechanism, this project will deploy a Fabry Perot Interferometer (FPI) at Athabasca University (54.60N, 113.64W, 61 MLAT), where an optical observatory is located and STEVE had been observed. In addition, a small color CCD all sky camera will be used to monitor the occurrence of STEVE and auroral activities and a dual-band GPS receiver will be used to monitor ionospheric Total Electron Content variations. The team plans to spend 20 nights/year to take all sky camera images in real time and steer the FPI sky scanner toward the STEVE when it is sighted. The real time monitoring is planned for substorm events following future solar active region events, which will be tracked from NOAA space weather services. The auroral images and FPI data will be studied in combination with the Swarm ion drift data to achieve a comparatively complete diagnosis of the ionosphere and thermosphere conditions. The project will address three topics: 1) Thermospheric conditions associated with STEVE and their effect on its emission; 2) SAPS effects on thermospheric winds; 3) Thermospheric wind's effect on the expansion of the substorm negative phase. Given the extreme ionospheric condition associated with STEVE, large thermospheric wind speed and high neutral temperature could be observed, which can change our perception of thermosphere-ionosphere interactions. The proposed Athabasca FPI can bridge the large spatial gap between the Resolute and Boulder FPI and allow the substorm effect from high to mid latitudes to be tracked. Since Athabasca is located at a latitude range that is strongly affected by the substorm negative phase, the results of this project will directly address a major concern for space weather forecast.Since STEVE was first observed by citizen scientists, this project will generate a greater public awareness of the aeronomy research and will stimulate future public engagement with science and technology. The project will foster diverse collaborations and establish a partnership between NCAR and a scientifically competitive institution in an EPSCoR state. The proposing team would make this project an opportunity to promote STEM education, increase the participation of women and underrepresented minorities in STEM.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

该奖项是根据2021年《美国救援计划法》的全部或部分资助（公法117-2）。这些五颜六色的显示器被广泛观察到具有几种典型的形状和颜色。最近，已经观察到了高纬度的“新型”类似极光的光。它通常由一个狭窄的紫色弧和狭窄的绿色“纠察”特征组成。其独特的形状和颜色与典型的极光不同。科学家将其命名为史蒂夫（强烈的热发射速度增强）。由于史蒂夫（Steve）发生的纬度比典型的极光（称为亚发出区域）出现，因此据信它与电离层中充电颗粒的强流相关，这是带有自由流动离子和电子设备的大气上方的一层。对史蒂夫的研究将帮助我们了解高和低纬度电离层之间的相互作用，以及太阳能如何影响整个地球大气系统和太空天气。据建议，史蒂夫被解释为是由于强度离子中性相互作用在大离子漂移处由强离子中性相互作用引起的化学发光反应引起的（〜5000 m/s）。为了测试强烈的离子中性相互作用的热量假设引起了史蒂夫，因此必须进行离子钻和热圈风观测。群卫星在Steve研究中提供了离子钻的数据，但是在催发区域的热圈风和温度观测中缺少观察结果。为了获得确定史蒂夫发射机制的热球温度和风观测，该项目将在阿萨巴斯卡大学（54.60N，113.64W，61 MLAT）部署Fabry Perot干涉仪（FPI），其中光学观察已定位并观察到了史蒂夫。此外，小颜色CCD将使用所有天空相机来监视史蒂夫和极光活动的发生，并且双波段GPS接收器将用于监视电离层总电子含量变化。该团队计划每年度过20个晚上，以实时拍摄所有天空相机图像，并在看到时将FPI Sky Scanner转向Steve。计划在未来的太阳活动区域事件之后，计划进行实时监控，该事件将从NOAA太空天气服务中跟踪。将研究Auroral图像和FPI数据与群离子漂移数据结合使用，以实现离电流层和热层条件的相对完整的诊断。该项目将解决三个主题：1）与史蒂夫相关的热圈条件及其对发射的影响； 2）SAP对热圈风的影响； 3）热层风对替代型负相扩展的影响。鉴于与史蒂夫相关的极端电离层条件，可以观察到较大的热层风速和高中性温度，这可以改变我们对热层离子层相互作用的看法。拟议的Athabasca FPI可以弥合坚果和巨石FPI之间的较大空间缝隙，并允许跟踪从高到中纬度到中间的效果。由于阿萨巴斯卡（Athabasca）位于纬度范围内受到替代负面阶段的强烈影响，因此该项目的结果将直接解决对太空天气预报的主要关注点。因为史蒂夫（Steve）首先被公民科学家观察到，该项目将提高公众对汽车研究的认识，并将刺激未来与科学技术的公众参与。该项目将促进潜水员的合作，并在EPSCOR国家建立NCAR与科学竞争激烈的机构之间建立合作伙伴关系。该提案团队将使该项目成为促进STEM教育，增加妇女参与和代表性少数群体STEM的机会。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响评估审查标准，被认为是通过评估来获得的支持。

项目成果

Hemispheric symmetry and asymmetry of poleward moving radar auroral forms (PMRAFs) and associated polar cap patches during a geomagnetic storm

• DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2023.1174209
• 发表时间: 2023-07
• 期刊: Frontiers in Physics
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Y. Zou;Li‐Jen Chen;B. Walsh;B. Burkholder;Yuzhang Ma;W. Bristow;L. Lyons;Jiang Liu;S. Tian;S. Yadav;Antea J. Coster;K. McWilliams

Association of Equatorward Extending Auroral Streamers With Ground Magnetic Perturbations and Geosynchronous Injections

向赤道延伸的极光流与地磁扰动和地球同步注入的关联

• DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030919
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
• 作者: Yadav, Sneha;Lyons, Larry. R.;Liu, Jiang;Nishimura, Yukitoshi;Tian, Sheng;Zou, Ying;Donovan, Eric F.
• 通讯作者: Donovan, Eric F.

Auroral Drivers of Large dB∕dt During Geomagnetic Storms

地磁风暴期间大 dBâdt 的极光驱动因素

• DOI: 10.1029/2022sw003121
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Space Weather
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Zou, Ying;Dowell, Caleb;Ferdousi, Banafsheh;Lyons, Larry R.;Liu, Jiang
• 通讯作者: Liu, Jiang

The Occurrence of Embedded Region 1 and 2 Currents Depends on Geomagnetic Activity Level

嵌入区域 1 和 2 电流的出现取决于地磁活动水平

• DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030539
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
• 作者: Liu, J.;Higuchi, T.;Lyons, L. R.;Ohtani, S.;Wu, J.;Zou, Y.;Angelopoulos, V.;Wang, C. ‐P.
• 通讯作者: Wang, C. ‐P.

MMS Observations of Storm‐Time Magnetopause Boundary Layers in the Vicinity of the Southern Cusp

• DOI: 10.1029/2022gl101231
• 发表时间: 2022-12
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: B. Burkholder;Li‐Jen Chen;S. Fuselier;D. Gershman;C. Schiff;J. Shuster;Y. Zou;B. Walsh;P. Reiff;S. Petrinec;A. Sciola