Collaborative Research: Maritime to Inland Transitions Towards ENvironments for Convection Initiation (MITTEN CI)

海洋向内陆过渡促进对流启动（MITTEN-CI）活动的目标是，发展迄今为止对近地面热力学和风廓线结构的过渡的最透彻的理解，这是由于海洋空气在五大湖沿海环境中的内陆运动，以及由此产生的对雷暴发展的影响。了解这种转变及其对雷暴的影响具有更广泛的影响，因为大部分人口生活在沿海地区。假设是针对近岸雷暴发展和近地面温度、湿度和风廓线演变的新方面而开发的，这些方面受到的关注相对较少，并使操作能够在广泛的背景天气模式下进行，MITTEN-CI活动将产生一个广泛的数据集，它描述了超过使用无人机系统对湖泊的热力学和运动学剖面进行了全面采样，此外还使用仪器沿着120公里海岸垂直断面对陆地边界层的空间和时间变化进行了全面采样，该断面有6个通量塔、2个移动的介子网、多个无线电探空仪发射站、1个多普勒激光雷达和2个移动的Ka波段多普勒雷达。这些数据将使假设检验，这将导致在一系列尺度的过程，导致对流启动（CI）或失败，在中纬度沿海地区的新知识。要研究的沿海对流环境和CI的具体方面包括湖风MAHTEs（具有高θ e的中尺度气团）的发展，即，湖风锋冷侧的不稳定性极大值，扩散湖风锋存在于天气尺度向岸气流中并影响CI的可能性，湖风锋错动涡独立地和通过与水平对流卷的相互作用对CI的影响，RKW理论与湖风锋CI的关系，卷吸对湖风锋热力学、结构和传播的影响。与MAHTE开发相关的过程的重要新知识预计将通知更广泛的研究MAHTE开发在其他类型的前沿边界，这是更难以研究没有一个游牧campaigns.This奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过评估使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准的支持。

The goal of the Maritime to Inland Transitions Towards ENvironments for Convection Initiation (MITTEN-CI) campaign is to develop the most thorough understanding to date of transitions in near-surface thermodynamic and wind profile structure due to inland movement of marine air in the Great Lakes coastal environment, and resultant impacts on thunderstorm development. Understanding such transitions and their implications for thunderstorms has substantial broader impacts, given the significant portion of the human population that lives in coastal areas. Hypotheses are developed to target novel aspects of near-shore thunderstorm development and evolution of near-surface profiles of temperature, humidity, and wind that have received relatively little attention and enable operations under a wide range of background weather patterns, resulting in a high probability of success in the campaign’s goals.The MITTEN-CI campaign will result in an extensive dataset that characterizes the temporal evolution of over-lake thermodynamic and kinematic profiles using Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS), in addition to thorough sampling of boundary layer spatial and temporal variability over land using instrumentation along a 120 km shore-perpendicular transect with six flux towers, two mobile mesonets, multiple radiosonde launch sites, a Doppler LiDAR, and two mobile Ka-band Doppler radars. These data will enable hypothesis testing that will result in new knowledge of processes across a range of scales that result in convection initiation (CI) or failure thereof in midlatitude coastal regions. Specific aspects of coastal convective environments and CI to be investigated include development of lake-breeze MAHTEs (mesoscale airmasses with high theta-e), i.e., instability maxima on the cool side of lake-breeze fronts (LBFs), the potential for diffuse LBFs to exist embedded within synoptic-scale onshore flow and influence CI, LBF misovortex influence on CI both independently and through interactions with horizontal convective rolls, RKW theory’s relation to LBF CI, and the influence of entrainment on LBF thermodynamics, structure, and propagation. Significant new knowledge of processes related to MAHTE development is expected and will inform broader research on MAHTE development in other types of frontal boundaries which are more difficult to study without a nomadic campaign.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.