Relative effects of local and regional factors as drivers for plant community diversity, functional trait diversity and genetic structure of species on Baltic uplift islands

许多生态系统中生物多样性的急剧丧失和相关生态系统功能的下降是一个重要的生态学挑战，需要更深入地了解驱动生物多样性不同组成部分的机制，如不同有机组织水平上的组成、结构和功能，即基因、物种和景观。尽管我们知道局部因素，如栖息地大小、非生物条件和相互作用，以及区域因素，如景观结构和配置，都推动了当地物种多样性，但在真实景观中，很少有实证研究以比较的方法评估不同空间尺度上的机制。此外，由于易于使用的多特征指数直到最近才被定义，因此缺乏包括群落功能多样性(FD)在内的本地物种多样性的研究。然而，通过识别物种共存过程和群落组装规则，如生态位过滤和竞争排斥，这些FD指数可能有助于理解群落生态和生态系统功能之间的联系。在物种的遗传多样性和物种分化方面，景观遗传学作为物种多样性和功能分化之外的另一个重要方面，扩展了中性种群遗传模型，试图了解景观结构和环境因素如何塑造物种的遗传结构。然而，尽管它吸引了基本和应用问题，但只有一小部分景观遗传研究涉及植物。因此，在当前的提案中，我们将分析地方和区域因素对植物群落物种多样性和FD的影响，以及对波罗的海三个群岛岛屿上选定的六种植物遗传结构的影响。我们选择了大陆陆上隆起岛屿，这是一种相对简单的古代文化景观类型，因为这些(I)提供了一个合适的研究系统来解决地方和区域因素的相对作用，(Ii)岛屿生物地理学理论很好地描述了基本的驱动力，以及(Iii)缺乏关于FD、景观生态学/遗传学的研究，甚至缺乏针对基本种群遗传假说的研究。该提案包括两个工作包，涉及三个景观区的社区目标和物种规模。工作包通过景观和社区遗传方法联系在一起，这种方法将物种的遗传结构(通过SNPs进行评估)分别与景观结构/土地利用和社区多样性联系起来。我们将大大促进我们对植物多样性驱动因素的理解，并收集数据，解决基础功能生态学和种群遗传学中一些悬而未决的问题。最后，该项目的成果将大大促进景观和群落遗传学的新兴领域。

The dramatic biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and the decline in associated ecosystem functioning is an important ecological challenge requiring a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving different components of biodiversity, such as composition, structure, and function at different levels of organismic organization, i.e. genes, species and landscapes.Although we know that both local factors, such as habitat size, abiotic conditions and interactions, and regional factors, such as landscape structure and configuration, drive local species diversity, only few empirical studies in real landscapes evaluated mechanisms at various spatial scales in a comparative approach. Additionally, there is a lack of studies on local species diversity that include the functional diversity (FD) of communities because easy-to-use multi-trait indices have only recently been defined. However, these FD indices may help to understand the link between community ecology and ecosystem functioning by identifying species coexistence processes and community assembly rules, such as niche filtering and competitive exclusion. With respect to genetic diversity and differentiation of species, as another important facet of biodiversity besides species diversity and FD, landscape genetics extends the neutral population genetic model and tries to understand how landscape structure and environmental factors shape the genetic structure of species. However, despite its appeal to both basic and applied questions, only a small proportion of landscape genetic studies deal with plants.Therefore, in the current proposal we will analyse the effects of local and regional factors on species diversity and FD of plant communities and on the genetic structure of six selected plant species occurring on islands in three archipelagos in the Baltic Sea. We selected continental land uplift islands, a relatively simple type of ancient cultural landscape, since these (i) present a suitable study system to address the relative role of local and regional factors, (ii) the basic driving forces are well described by the theory of island biogeography, and (iii) there is a lack of studies on FD, landscape ecology/genetics or even studies addressing basic population genetic hypotheses. The proposal consists of two work packages, addressing objectives at the community and the species scale in three landscape tracts. The work packages are linked through a landscape- and community genetic approach, which connect the genetic structure of species (assessed through SNPs) with landscape structure/land use and community diversity, respectively. We will contribute significantly to our understanding concerning the drivers of plant diversity and gather data that address a number of unanswered questions in fundamental functional ecology and population genetics. Finally, the results of this project will add significantly to the emerging fields of landscape and community genetics.