Relative effects of local and regional factors as drivers for plant community diversity, functional trait diversity and genetic structure of species on Baltic uplift islands

许多生态系统中生物多样性的急剧丧失和相关生态系统功能的下降是一个重要的生态挑战，需要更深入地了解生物多样性不同组成部分的驱动机制，例如生物多样性组织不同层次（即基因、物种和景观）的组成、结构和功能。区域因素，如景观结构和配置，驱动当地物种多样性，只有少数实证研究在真实的景观评价机制，在不同的空间尺度上的比较方法。此外，还缺乏对当地物种多样性的研究，包括社区的功能多样性（FD），因为易于使用的多性状指数最近才被定义。然而，这些FD指数可能有助于了解社区生态和生态系统功能之间的联系，通过识别物种共存过程和社区组装规则，如生态位过滤和竞争排斥。在物种遗传多样性和物种分化方面，景观遗传学是除物种多样性和FD之外的另一个重要方面，它扩展了中性种群遗传模型，试图理解景观结构和环境因素是如何塑造物种遗传结构的。然而，尽管它呼吁基本和应用的问题，只有一小部分的景观遗传学研究处理plants.Therefore，在目前的建议，我们将分析当地和区域因素对物种多样性和FD的植物群落和遗传结构的6个选定的植物物种发生在波罗的海的三个群岛的岛屿上的影响。我们选择了大陆陆地隆起岛屿，一个相对简单的类型的古代文化景观，因为这些（i）提出了一个合适的研究系统，以解决当地和区域因素的相对作用，（ii）基本的驱动力是很好地描述了岛屿地理学的理论，（iii）缺乏对FD，景观生态学/遗传学的研究，甚至研究解决基本的人口遗传假设。该提案包括两个工作包，解决目标在社区和物种规模在三个景观带。这些工作包通过景观和社区遗传方法联系起来，将物种的遗传结构（通过单核苷酸多态性评估）分别与景观结构/土地利用和社区多样性联系起来。我们将为我们对植物多样性驱动因素的理解做出重大贡献，并收集数据，解决基本功能生态学和种群遗传学中一些悬而未决的问题。最后，该项目的结果将大大增加景观和社区遗传学的新兴领域。

The dramatic biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and the decline in associated ecosystem functioning is an important ecological challenge requiring a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving different components of biodiversity, such as composition, structure, and function at different levels of organismic organization, i.e. genes, species and landscapes.Although we know that both local factors, such as habitat size, abiotic conditions and interactions, and regional factors, such as landscape structure and configuration, drive local species diversity, only few empirical studies in real landscapes evaluated mechanisms at various spatial scales in a comparative approach. Additionally, there is a lack of studies on local species diversity that include the functional diversity (FD) of communities because easy-to-use multi-trait indices have only recently been defined. However, these FD indices may help to understand the link between community ecology and ecosystem functioning by identifying species coexistence processes and community assembly rules, such as niche filtering and competitive exclusion. With respect to genetic diversity and differentiation of species, as another important facet of biodiversity besides species diversity and FD, landscape genetics extends the neutral population genetic model and tries to understand how landscape structure and environmental factors shape the genetic structure of species. However, despite its appeal to both basic and applied questions, only a small proportion of landscape genetic studies deal with plants.Therefore, in the current proposal we will analyse the effects of local and regional factors on species diversity and FD of plant communities and on the genetic structure of six selected plant species occurring on islands in three archipelagos in the Baltic Sea. We selected continental land uplift islands, a relatively simple type of ancient cultural landscape, since these (i) present a suitable study system to address the relative role of local and regional factors, (ii) the basic driving forces are well described by the theory of island biogeography, and (iii) there is a lack of studies on FD, landscape ecology/genetics or even studies addressing basic population genetic hypotheses. The proposal consists of two work packages, addressing objectives at the community and the species scale in three landscape tracts. The work packages are linked through a landscape- and community genetic approach, which connect the genetic structure of species (assessed through SNPs) with landscape structure/land use and community diversity, respectively. We will contribute significantly to our understanding concerning the drivers of plant diversity and gather data that address a number of unanswered questions in fundamental functional ecology and population genetics. Finally, the results of this project will add significantly to the emerging fields of landscape and community genetics.