Relative effects of local and regional factors as drivers for plant community diversity, functional trait diversity and genetic structure of species on Baltic uplift islands

许多生态系统中生物多样性的急剧丧失和相关生态系统功能的下降是一个重要的生态挑战，需要更深入地了解驱动生物多样性不同组成部分的机制，如不同层次的生物组织（即基因、物种和景观）的组成、结构和功能。虽然我们知道本地因素（如栖息地大小、非生物条件和相互作用）和区域因素（如景观结构和配置）都是驱动本地物种多样性的因素，但只有很少的实证研究在实际景观中以比较的方式评估了不同空间尺度下的机制。此外，包括群落功能多样性（FD）在内的本地物种多样性的研究还很缺乏，这是由于最近才定义了易于使用的多性状指标。然而，这些FD指数可以通过识别物种共存过程和群落组装规则（如生态位过滤和竞争排斥）来帮助了解群落生态学与生态系统功能之间的联系。在物种遗传多样性和物种分化方面，景观遗传学是生物多样性研究的另一个重要方面，它扩展了中性群体遗传模型，试图理解景观结构和环境因素如何影响物种的遗传结构。然而，尽管它对基础和应用问题都有吸引力，但只有一小部分景观遗传研究涉及植物。因此，在本研究中，我们将分析当地和区域因素对植物群落物种多样性和FD的影响，以及对波罗的海三个群岛岛屿上6种精选植物物种遗传结构的影响。我们选择大陆陆隆起岛屿作为一种相对简单的古文化景观类型，因为它们(i)提供了一个合适的研究体系来研究局部和区域因素的相对作用，（ii）岛屿生物地理学理论很好地描述了基本驱动力，（iii）缺乏FD、景观生态学/遗传学甚至基本种群遗传学假设的研究。该提案包括两个工作包，以解决三个景观带的群落和物种规模的目标。这些工作包通过景观遗传和社区遗传方法联系起来，将物种的遗传结构（通过单核苷酸多态性评估）分别与景观结构/土地利用和社区多样性联系起来。我们将为我们对植物多样性驱动因素的理解做出重大贡献，并收集数据，解决基础功能生态学和群体遗传学中一些未解决的问题。最后，本项目的研究成果将对景观和群落遗传学等新兴领域的研究起到重要的推动作用。

The dramatic biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and the decline in associated ecosystem functioning is an important ecological challenge requiring a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving different components of biodiversity, such as composition, structure, and function at different levels of organismic organization, i.e. genes, species and landscapes.Although we know that both local factors, such as habitat size, abiotic conditions and interactions, and regional factors, such as landscape structure and configuration, drive local species diversity, only few empirical studies in real landscapes evaluated mechanisms at various spatial scales in a comparative approach. Additionally, there is a lack of studies on local species diversity that include the functional diversity (FD) of communities because easy-to-use multi-trait indices have only recently been defined. However, these FD indices may help to understand the link between community ecology and ecosystem functioning by identifying species coexistence processes and community assembly rules, such as niche filtering and competitive exclusion. With respect to genetic diversity and differentiation of species, as another important facet of biodiversity besides species diversity and FD, landscape genetics extends the neutral population genetic model and tries to understand how landscape structure and environmental factors shape the genetic structure of species. However, despite its appeal to both basic and applied questions, only a small proportion of landscape genetic studies deal with plants.Therefore, in the current proposal we will analyse the effects of local and regional factors on species diversity and FD of plant communities and on the genetic structure of six selected plant species occurring on islands in three archipelagos in the Baltic Sea. We selected continental land uplift islands, a relatively simple type of ancient cultural landscape, since these (i) present a suitable study system to address the relative role of local and regional factors, (ii) the basic driving forces are well described by the theory of island biogeography, and (iii) there is a lack of studies on FD, landscape ecology/genetics or even studies addressing basic population genetic hypotheses. The proposal consists of two work packages, addressing objectives at the community and the species scale in three landscape tracts. The work packages are linked through a landscape- and community genetic approach, which connect the genetic structure of species (assessed through SNPs) with landscape structure/land use and community diversity, respectively. We will contribute significantly to our understanding concerning the drivers of plant diversity and gather data that address a number of unanswered questions in fundamental functional ecology and population genetics. Finally, the results of this project will add significantly to the emerging fields of landscape and community genetics.