Microvariation in pronominal and verbal enclitics in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Empirical studies on spoken language, including dialects and heritage languages

悬崖是特别的。它们兼有词形和词缀的形态特征。在句法上，它们的特点是有特定的词序规则，区别于其他具有相同论元功能的短语。波斯尼亚、克罗地亚和塞尔维亚(BCS)派系构成了第二个位置效应(2P原则)和派系群内的系列化规则(模板原则)。CLITICS是研究语音、词法、句法和语用之间分工的理想测试案例；因此，有相当多的理论著作涉及BCS中的句法-音位界面。然而，这些研究的特点是高度的数据简化。口语和变种没有被考虑在内。作者也没有认识到派系系统是动态的。该项目旨在扩大BCS中使用代词和助词的经验数据库。它的重点是不受说明性语料库规划直接影响的口语变体的微观变化。作为对微观比较句法的贡献，该项目试图使句法理论与方言学和传统语言学相协调。其目的是为了更好地理解定语句法的机制，并解释在密集的语言接触条件下的句法变化。重点系统地分析了攀爬的结构条件，即攀爬从补语进入矩阵从句。该项目采用对语法的综合理解，考虑到语法性的分级，考虑到语义、语境和语用因素，并依赖于广泛的数据基础。我们将分析：标准语言和口语变体中的斜坡攀升，口语标准变体中的悬崖句法，包括überdachte Dialekte和两个接触变体(德国第二代传统说话者和罗马尼亚巴纳特散居说话者所说的BCS)。分析将基于语料库的数据、研究文献以及在田野调查中收集的数据(访谈辅之以引出的数据和测试)。这些数据将被用来验证关于定语句法的理论主张。该项目是对斯拉夫语和其他有偏义词的语言的微观比较句法的重要贡献。它有助于区分自然句法结构和规定性语料库规划的结果，并区分强制性句法特征和可选句法特征。除此之外，我们期待着关于攀岩的巩固结果，变异的范围和限度，以及最后，接触引起变化的机制。

Clitics are special. They have morphonological properties of both word forms and affixes. Syntactically they are characterized by specific word order rules setting them apart from other phrases with the same argument function. Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (BCS) clitics underlie the second position effect (2P principle) and serialization rules within the clitic cluster (template principle). Clitics are an ideal test case for the study of the division of labor between phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatics; therefore, a considerable body of theoretical works has dealt with the syntax-phonology interface in BCS. These studies, however, are characterized by a high degree of data reduction. Spoken language and variation have not been taken into account. Nor do the authors recognize that clitic systems are dynamic. The project aims to broaden the empirical data base of the use of the pronominal and auxiliary enclitics in BCS. Its focus is on microvariation in spoken varieties which are not under the direct influence of prescriptive corpus planning. As a contribution to Microcomparative Syntax the project tries to reconcile syntactic theory with dialectology and heritage linguistics. It aims at a better understanding of the mechanisms of clitic syntax and at an explanation of syntactic change under the conditions of intensive language contact. A special focus is on the systematic analysis of the structural conditions of clitic climbing where clitics move out of the complement into the matrix clause. The project adopts an integrative understanding of grammar which allows for the gradience of grammaticality, which takes semantics, context and pragmatic factors into consideration and which relies on a broad data basis. We are going to analyse: Clitic climbing in the standard languages and in spoken varieties, Syntax of clitics in spoken standard varieties, including überdachte Dialekte and two contact varieties (BCS spoken by second generation heritage speakers in Germany and by diaspora speakers in Romanian Banat). The analysis will be based on data from corpora, the research literature and on data collected during fieldwork (interviews supplemented by elicited data and tests).These data will be used to verify theoretical claims concerning the syntax of clitics. The project is an important contribution to the Microcomparative Syntax of the Slavonic and other languages with clitics. It helps to distinguish between natural syntactic structures from results of prescriptive corpus planning and to distinguish between obligatory and optional syntactic features. Apart from that, we expect consolidated findings concerning clitic climbing, the range and the limits of variation and, finally, the mechanisms of contact induced change.