Mindfulness interventions in outpatient cognitive behavior therapy for trainee therapists: A randomized controlled trial

正念起源于2,500多年的东方佛教传统。它可以被概念化为一种特定的注意力形式，这种注意力是非判断性的，有目的的，专注于当下。在过去的几十年里，正念已经成为心理治疗新发展方法的核心组成部分。目前，在群体环境中进行的基于正念的方法的特定手动形式，如基于正念的压力减轻（MBSR），已经很好地建立起来，而它们的有效性可以在荟萃分析中得到证明。然而，研究调查的正念经验的患者和治疗师的治疗过程和个人心理治疗的结果的影响已被要求。在这种情况下，它已被特别强调，简短的，会议介绍正念元素的干预措施，应在有效性条件下，在实习治疗师进行调查，这可以阐明改善临床培训的机会。因此，本研究的主要目的是确定在治疗开始时进行的正念练习是否有助于改善治疗过程。更具体地说，我们将研究与正念元素的简短干预的效果，作为实践的门诊和实习治疗师在治疗会话开始时，在有效性条件下的治疗变化和治疗结果的过程。因此，在治疗开始之前，150名门诊患者在五次诊断后被随机分配到正念干预组（Mindfulness Intervention Group，简称MST）、练习简短形式的渐进式肌肉放松（Progressive Muscle Relaxation，简称PMR）的对照组（Control Group，简称CG）或常规治疗（Treatment as Usual，简称TAU）组。一个重要的结果变量将是心理治疗中一般变化机制的多视角评估量表（SACiP），我们开发，验证了该量表，并在几项过程-结果研究中证明了其临床实用性。这项研究的结果不仅解决了科学文献中的主要研究空白，而且可能具有重要的实际意义，因为我们对正念元素的干预可能会为如何改善门诊培训中心心理治疗师的形成提供新的想法。

Mindfulness has its origins in a more than 2,500-year-old Eastern-Buddhist tradition. It can be conceptualized as a specific form of attention that is non-judgmental, purposeful, and focused on the present moment. In the past several decades, mindfulness has become a central component of newly developed approaches in psychotherapy. Currently, specific manualized forms of mindfulness-based approaches that are carried out in group settings, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), are well established while their efficacy could be demonstrated in meta-analyses. However, studies investigating the effects of mindfulness experiences of both patients and therapists on therapeutic processes and outcome in individual psychotherapy have been requested. In this context, it has been specifically highlighted that brief, session introducing interventions with mindfulness elements should be investigated in trainee therapists under effectiveness conditions; this could elucidate opportunities to improve clinical training. Consequently, the main purpose of this study is to identify whether exercises with mindfulness elements carried out at the beginning of therapy sessions help to improve the therapeutic process. More specifically, we will examine the effects of a brief intervention with mindfulness elements, as practiced by both the outpatient and trainee therapist at the beginning of therapy sessions, on processes of therapeutic change and treatment outcome under effectiveness conditions. Thereby, before the start of the therapeutic treatment, 150 outpatients are randomized after five sessions of diagnostics either to a mindfulness intervention group (MIG), a control group (CG) practicing a short form of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), or a treatment as usual (TAU) group. One important outcome variable will be the Scale for the Multiperspective Assessment of General Change Mechanisms in Psychotherapy (SACiP), which we developed, validated and for which we demonstrated the clinical utility in several process-outcome studies. Results of this study will not only address major research gaps in the scientific literature but also could have important practical implications, as our intervention with mindfulness elements might inform new ideas of how to improve the formation of psychotherapists in outpatient training centers.