The Role of Advisers and Experts in the Reform Projects in Siam under King Rama V.

世纪后半叶，暹罗开始了一段广泛的改革计划。这些改革影响了整个国家，并从根本上改变了它。他们是由国王拉马五世（1853-1910年）发起的，他的父亲是国王拉马四世。（1804-1868）已经开始了第一次变革。正是拉马五世想把暹罗从欧洲的干预中拯救出来，并最终从殖民统治中拯救出来，为此，他努力从欧洲列强那里获得技术、社会和经济成就，以便将这些成就用于他的国家。为了实现这一目标，他招募了外国专家，并将他的几个兄弟送到国外的欧洲大学。新出现的国际专家组在一个日益错综复杂的世界中运作。外国专家和土著专家竞相提出他们对国家现代化的设想。暹罗的转变也是对外部压力的反应，但外国知识的实施方式与殖民地邻国不同。外国专家从来没有垄断过技术、制度和经济知识。因此，改革措施的谈判是在不同顾问小组之间密切合作和竞争的情况下进行的。该项目旨在重建这一进程的动态，并了解不同群体的行为者能够影响政权现代化战略的方式。

In the second half of the nineteenth century a time of far-ranging reform projects began in Siam. The reforms affected the whole country and changed it fundamentally. They were initiated by King Rama V. (1853-1910), whose father King Rama IV. (1804-1868) had already started first changes. It was Rama V. who wanted to save Siam from European interventions and ultimately from colonial rule, and for that reason strove to acquire technical, societal and economic achievements from the European powers in order to instrumentalize them for his country. To attain this goal he both recruited foreign experts, and sent several of his brothers abroad to European universities. The emerging international group of experts operated in an increasingly entangled world. Foreign and indigenous experts competed with their visions of the modernization of the country. Siam transformed as a reaction to exterior pressure as well, but the implementation of foreign knowledge took place in a different way than in the colonized neighboring countries. Foreign experts never held the monopoly on technical, institutional, and economic knowledge. As a result, reform measures were negotiated in close cooperation, and competition, between different groups of advisors. This project aims to reconstruct the dynamics of this process, and understand the ways in which different groups of actors were able to influence the modernizing strategies of the regime.