Processes of construction of "the Ethnic" in Michoacan, Mexico, and Cajamarca, Peru. Translocational positionalities of indigenous migrants under colonial rule.

采用比较的视角，本项目调查了两个研究问题：第一，从哪个时间点开始，种族的社会分类可以合理地适用于当前民族国家墨西哥和秘鲁的先驱的分析类别？第二，与其他社会分类相比，它有什么意义？该项目的重点是在所谓的“贫穷国家”中改变（贡品）类别的土著移徙者的个人战略。这些改变管辖权的请愿反映了移徙者在殖民社会中的定位，应作为迁移定位加以分析（Anthias）。土著移民尚未成为研究的焦点，但可以预期的是，他们在协商社会分类时享有相当大的回旋余地。此外，已有的资料来源指出了与土著贵族和非洲人后裔的有趣关系网络，这种关系进一步根据性别角色加以区分。我试图确定移民的不同法律分类——在墨西哥和秘鲁用不同的术语指代——是否产生了可以贴上种族标签的归属形式，或者它们是否导致了更广泛的种族分类的侵蚀。该项目侧重于殖民时代的发展，并辅以与之前的前西班牙和随后的共和时代潜在相关（非）连续性的简短探索。通过对秘鲁北部的卡哈马卡和西墨西哥Michoacán地区殖民中心的共时性比较，补充了历时性的观点。尽管墨西哥和秘鲁的核心地位早于西班牙殖民帝国，但它们几乎没有被拿来比较。特别是对次级中心的分析有望有新的发现。该项目将重点回答以下问题：首先，移民和（种族）分类的重要性、分期和塑造方面的潜在差异是否可以归因于前西班牙时代的连续性，或者它们是否可以在西班牙人对殖民政治的地区不同表述中找到。第二，所分析的社会状况是否暂时超过了殖民时代。这些发现有望与当前关于土著主题的辩论有关。在方法上，该项目侧重于分析燃料问题和有关文件。由于还没有从历史的角度对易位性进行分析，第二个目标是（进一步）发展和适应方法工具，从网络分析和概念历史元素的创新组合开始。

Employing a comparative perspective, this project investigates two research questions: First, from which point in time onwards is the social categorisation of ethnicity reasonably applicable as an analytical category in the precursors of the present nation states Mexico and Peru? Second, which significance did it have in comparison with other social categorisations? The project focuses on the individual strategies of indigenous migrants of changing (tribute) categories in so-called peticiones de cambio de fuero. These petitions to change the jurisdiction reflect the positioning of migrants in the colonial society, which shall be analysed as translocational positionalities (Anthias). Indigenous migrants have not yet been in the spotlight of research, but it is to be expected that they enjoyed a considerable leeway when negotiating social categorisations. Furthermore, the sources that are already available point to an interesting network of relationships with indigenous nobility and people of African descent, which was further differentiated by gender roles.I seek to determine whether the different legal categorisations of migrants -which were referred to by different terminologies in Mexico and Peru- gave rise to forms of belonging that could be labelled ethnic, or if they led to an erosion of broader ethnic categorisations. The project focuses on developments in the colonial era and is complemented by a short exploration of potentially relevant (dis-)continuities with the previous prehispanic and the subsequent republican era.The diachronic perspective is supplemented with a synchronic comparison between the regional colonial centres Cajamarca in Northern Peru and Michoacán in West Mexico. Despite their central role, which predates the Spanish colonial empire, Mexico and Peru have scarcely been compared. Especially the analysis of secondary centres promises new findings. The project will put an emphasis on answering the following questions: First, whether potential differences in significance, periodization, and moulding of migration and (ethnic) categorisations can be attributed to continuities with prehispanic times or whether they can be found in a regionally differing articulation of colonial politics by the Spaniards. Second, if the analysed social conditions temporarily outlived the colonial era. The findings promise to bear relevance for current debates regarding the topic of indigeneity.Methodically, the project focuses on the analysis of peticiones de cambio de fuero and related documents. Since translocational positionalities have not been analysed from a historical perspective, a secondary objective is the (further) development and adaptation of methodological instruments, starting from an innovative combination of elements of network analysis and conceptual history.