Integration and Transformation in Late Medieval Natural Philosophy: Jacques Legrand's Aristotelian Compendium utriusque philosophie

本研究计画探讨逻辑数学方法与概念在中世纪晚期形而上学的应用.它集中探讨了14世纪后半叶出现的物种完美性问题，并将以下问题作为中心主题：如果所有的生物都属于一个属，那么怎么会有一个系统的、有等级的所有生物的金链，一个金链，从最低的物质生物一直到最高的存在？这个问题（当然，还有其他各种各样的特殊困难）与中世纪晚期的哲学和神学有关，并延伸到逻辑和语言哲学中新技术的应用领域，特别是起源于牛津并迅速传播到欧洲其他几所大学的计算（莱布尼茨仍然热情地谈论它们）。如何定量地了解一个物种中不同个体的完美性？在时间的过程中，这种质量是否会减少或增加？如果是这样，我们如何描述它们在可能的最大值和最小值之间的幅度（纬度）？虽然方法的calculatores应用新的分析语言蔓延，一种新的方法来治疗这些问题出现，特别是在工作的妮可奥雷斯姆。奥雷斯姆和一些追随者更喜欢几何学，他们承诺在表示这些数量时更加清晰。事实上，奥雷斯姆试图发展一个新的独立学科，包括在研究的性质和运动的代表性（configurationes学说）。此外，另一个方面的重要性也在增长，即几何学本质上更能处理稳定的、连续的量。这导致了一种处理物种完善性问题的创新方法，这在迄今为止研究很少的Neapolis的Tractatus de perfectione specierum中得到了明确的讨论。雅各布斯决定用几何结构来连续地表示所有的生物，而不是用算术来表示。这段文字，其中只有三个手稿已被报告到目前为止，是核心的本项目，因此应编辑从十一手稿，翻译和评论。尽管如此，雅各布斯的论述并非孤例。大量的证据表明，在物种完善之后的一代人中，见证了从神学到形而上学的普遍转变。在这方面，该项目将集中在四个主要来源，证明这个问题的生存在中世纪晚期的形而上学的背景下（N。T. de Amsterdam，P. Venetus et alii）.

This research project deals with the application of logical- mathematical methods and concepts to late medieval metaphysics. It focuses on the exploration of the problem of the perfection of species (perfectio specierum), which emerged during the second half of the fourteenth century and concentrates on the following question as a central theme: If all beings belong to one genus, how can there be a systematic, hierarchical golden chain of all beings, a catena aurea entium, from the lowest material creature all the way up to the Supreme Being? This question (and, of course, a wide range of other particular difficulties) bears on the philosophy and theology of the late Middle Ages and extends to an area of application for new techniques in logic and the philosophy of language, especially for the calculationes that originated in Oxford and rapidly spread to several other universities across Europe (Leibniz still speaks enthusiastically of them). How can the perfectio of different individuals within a species be understood quantitatively? Can a decrease or increase of this quality take place in the course of time, and if so, how can we describe their amplitude (latitudo) between their possible maxima and minima? While the approach of the calculatores to applying new analytical languages spread, a new approach for the treatment of these problems arose, especially in the work of Nicole Oresme. Oresme and a few followers preferred geometry, from which they promised greater clarity in representing those magnitudes. In fact, Oresme tried to develop a new independent discipline consisting in the study of the representation of qualities and movements (configurationes doctrine). In addition, a further aspect grew in significance, namely that geometry is by nature better able to deal with steady, continuous quantities. This resulted in an innovative way of dealing with the issue of perfection of species, which was clearly discussed in the hitherto little-studied Tractatus de perfectione specierum by Jacobus de Neapolis. Rather than a representation by means of arithmetic, Jacobus decided on a continuous representation of all beings using geometric structures. This text, of which only three manuscripts have been reported thus far, is central to the present project and therefore should be edited from eleven manuscripts, translated and commented. Nevertheless, Jacobus treatise is not an isolated case. Numerous evidence suggests that in the generation immediately following the perfection of species witnessed a general shift from theology to metaphysics. In this regard, the project will focus on four main sources that prove the survival of this problem in the context of the metaphysics of the late Middle Ages (N. T. de Amsterdam, P. Venetus et alii).