Integration and Transformation in Late Medieval Natural Philosophy: Jacques Legrand's Aristotelian Compendium utriusque philosophie

这项研究项目涉及逻辑数学方法和概念在中世纪晚期形而上学中的应用。它专注于探索物种的完美问题，这个问题出现在14世纪下半叶，集中在以下作为中心主题的问题上：如果所有的众生都属于一个属，如何才能有一个系统的、等级森严的所有众生的金链，从最底层的物质生物一直到上帝？这个问题(当然还有广泛的其他特殊困难)涉及中世纪晚期的哲学和神学，并延伸到逻辑和语言哲学中新技术的应用领域，特别是起源于牛津并迅速传播到欧洲其他几所大学的计算(莱布尼茨仍然热衷于谈论它们)。一个物种中不同个体的完满程度如何才能被定量地理解？这种质量会随着时间的推移而减少或增加吗？如果是这样的话，我们如何描述它们在可能的最大值和最小值之间的幅度？随着计算方法应用新的分析语言的传播，出现了一种处理这些问题的新方法，特别是在Nicole Oresme的工作中。Oresme和一些追随者更喜欢几何图形，他们承诺从几何图形中更清晰地表示这些震级。事实上，奥雷斯梅试图发展一门新的独立学科，包括研究性质和运动的表征(构型学说)。此外，另一个方面的重要性增加了，即几何学本质上更能处理稳定的、连续的量。这导致了一种处理物种完美性问题的创新方法，雅各布斯·德·那波利斯在迄今为止很少研究的《完美物种学报》中清楚地讨论了这一问题。雅各布斯决定用几何结构对所有生命进行连续的表示，而不是用算术的方式表示。这一文本迄今只报告了三份手稿，对本项目至关重要，因此应从11份手稿中进行编辑、翻译和评论。然而，雅各布斯的论文并不是一个孤立的案例。大量证据表明，在物种完善之后的那一代人中，见证了从神学到形而上学的普遍转变。在这方面，该项目将侧重于在中世纪晚期形而上学的背景下证明这一问题存续的四个主要来源(N·T·德·阿姆斯特丹，P·韦尼图斯等人)。

This research project deals with the application of logical- mathematical methods and concepts to late medieval metaphysics. It focuses on the exploration of the problem of the perfection of species (perfectio specierum), which emerged during the second half of the fourteenth century and concentrates on the following question as a central theme: If all beings belong to one genus, how can there be a systematic, hierarchical golden chain of all beings, a catena aurea entium, from the lowest material creature all the way up to the Supreme Being? This question (and, of course, a wide range of other particular difficulties) bears on the philosophy and theology of the late Middle Ages and extends to an area of application for new techniques in logic and the philosophy of language, especially for the calculationes that originated in Oxford and rapidly spread to several other universities across Europe (Leibniz still speaks enthusiastically of them). How can the perfectio of different individuals within a species be understood quantitatively? Can a decrease or increase of this quality take place in the course of time, and if so, how can we describe their amplitude (latitudo) between their possible maxima and minima? While the approach of the calculatores to applying new analytical languages spread, a new approach for the treatment of these problems arose, especially in the work of Nicole Oresme. Oresme and a few followers preferred geometry, from which they promised greater clarity in representing those magnitudes. In fact, Oresme tried to develop a new independent discipline consisting in the study of the representation of qualities and movements (configurationes doctrine). In addition, a further aspect grew in significance, namely that geometry is by nature better able to deal with steady, continuous quantities. This resulted in an innovative way of dealing with the issue of perfection of species, which was clearly discussed in the hitherto little-studied Tractatus de perfectione specierum by Jacobus de Neapolis. Rather than a representation by means of arithmetic, Jacobus decided on a continuous representation of all beings using geometric structures. This text, of which only three manuscripts have been reported thus far, is central to the present project and therefore should be edited from eleven manuscripts, translated and commented. Nevertheless, Jacobus treatise is not an isolated case. Numerous evidence suggests that in the generation immediately following the perfection of species witnessed a general shift from theology to metaphysics. In this regard, the project will focus on four main sources that prove the survival of this problem in the context of the metaphysics of the late Middle Ages (N. T. de Amsterdam, P. Venetus et alii).