Integration and Transformation in Late Medieval Natural Philosophy: Jacques Legrand's Aristotelian Compendium utriusque philosophie

这个研究项目涉及逻辑数学方法和概念在中世纪晚期形而上学中的应用。它着重于探索物种的完美问题（perfeco specierum），这一问题出现在14世纪下半叶，并将以下问题作为中心主题：如果所有生物都属于一个属，那么如何能有一个系统的、等级的所有生物的金链，一个从最低级的物质生物一直到至高存在的金链？这个问题（当然，还有一系列其他特殊的困难）与中世纪晚期的哲学和神学有关，并延伸到逻辑和语言哲学新技术的应用领域，特别是起源于牛津并迅速传播到欧洲其他几所大学的计算（莱布尼茨仍然热情地谈论它们）。如何定量地理解一个物种中不同个体的完美？随着时间的推移，这种性质的减少或增加会发生吗？如果会，我们如何描述它们的幅度（纬度）在它们可能的最大值和最小值之间？当计算器应用新的分析语言的方法传播时，一种处理这些问题的新方法出现了，特别是在Nicole Oresme的工作中。奥勒斯姆和一些追随者更喜欢几何学，他们承诺用几何学更清晰地表示这些数量级。事实上，奥瑞斯姆试图发展一门新的独立学科，包括对质量和运动的表征（构型学说）的研究。此外，另一个方面也变得越来越重要，那就是几何学天生就能更好地处理稳定的、连续的量。这导致了一种处理物种完美性问题的创新方法，这在Jacobus de Neapolis迄今为止很少研究的Tractatus de perfecone specium中得到了明确的讨论。雅各布斯决定用几何结构来连续表示所有存在，而不是用算术来表示。到目前为止，只有三份手稿被报道，这是本项目的核心，因此应该从11份手稿中编辑，翻译和评论。然而，雅各布斯的论文并不是一个孤立的案例。大量证据表明，在物种完美之后的一代见证了从神学到形而上学的普遍转变。在这方面，该项目将重点关注四个主要来源，证明这个问题在中世纪晚期形而上学的背景下仍然存在（n.t. de Amsterdam， P. Venetus等人）。

This research project deals with the application of logical- mathematical methods and concepts to late medieval metaphysics. It focuses on the exploration of the problem of the perfection of species (perfectio specierum), which emerged during the second half of the fourteenth century and concentrates on the following question as a central theme: If all beings belong to one genus, how can there be a systematic, hierarchical golden chain of all beings, a catena aurea entium, from the lowest material creature all the way up to the Supreme Being? This question (and, of course, a wide range of other particular difficulties) bears on the philosophy and theology of the late Middle Ages and extends to an area of application for new techniques in logic and the philosophy of language, especially for the calculationes that originated in Oxford and rapidly spread to several other universities across Europe (Leibniz still speaks enthusiastically of them). How can the perfectio of different individuals within a species be understood quantitatively? Can a decrease or increase of this quality take place in the course of time, and if so, how can we describe their amplitude (latitudo) between their possible maxima and minima? While the approach of the calculatores to applying new analytical languages spread, a new approach for the treatment of these problems arose, especially in the work of Nicole Oresme. Oresme and a few followers preferred geometry, from which they promised greater clarity in representing those magnitudes. In fact, Oresme tried to develop a new independent discipline consisting in the study of the representation of qualities and movements (configurationes doctrine). In addition, a further aspect grew in significance, namely that geometry is by nature better able to deal with steady, continuous quantities. This resulted in an innovative way of dealing with the issue of perfection of species, which was clearly discussed in the hitherto little-studied Tractatus de perfectione specierum by Jacobus de Neapolis. Rather than a representation by means of arithmetic, Jacobus decided on a continuous representation of all beings using geometric structures. This text, of which only three manuscripts have been reported thus far, is central to the present project and therefore should be edited from eleven manuscripts, translated and commented. Nevertheless, Jacobus treatise is not an isolated case. Numerous evidence suggests that in the generation immediately following the perfection of species witnessed a general shift from theology to metaphysics. In this regard, the project will focus on four main sources that prove the survival of this problem in the context of the metaphysics of the late Middle Ages (N. T. de Amsterdam, P. Venetus et alii).