A 'Handelspraktik' (mercantile manual) from Upper Germany and mercantile knowledge around 1500

该项目的重点是来自上德国的“Handelspraktik”，可能创建于1511年。它的手稿今天保存在wolfenb<e:1>泰尔的赫尔佐格奥古斯特图书馆(签名：上帝。教皇党员。18.4。8月4日o)。科学术语“Handelspraktik”指的是中世纪晚期和现代早期的一种实用文本，它像个人或内部使用的纲要（即笔记本）或在更大的用户圈内分发（即手册）一样呈现商业知识。虽然商业笔记本从13世纪末开始出现，手册从15世纪开始在意大利出现，wolfenb<s:1> tel图书馆的“Handelspraktik”是德语地区最早的相应文本的例子之一。除其他事项外，本手册载有有关市场情况和商业惯例、价格和成本计算、以及货币、度量衡和重量及其换算的资料。这篇文章的重点是与威尼斯的贸易。此外，对奥格斯堡和纽伦堡给予了特别的关注，对法兰克福的关注程度要小得多。直到今天，我们还不知道是谁编纂了这段文字，但它可能起源于奥格斯堡。近年来，“Handelspraktiken”在经济史方面引起了越来越多的兴趣，然而，对它们的研究仍然存在实质性的缺陷。值得注意的是，wolfenb<s:1> ttel手稿已经为研究界所知很长时间了。然而，直到今天，还没有对这个对上德意志贸易历史非常重要的来源进行详细的检查。该项目使用文本来分析1500年左右的商业知识，它是非常专业的实践性和程序性知识，即应用型知识，从三个分析角度进行研究，它们彼此密切相关：生产（过程和形成条件），秩序（内容及其联系），呈现（技术和传播形式）。系统地与其他“商行”进行比较是必要的，特别是来自上德国，但也来自意大利北部以及德国北部和荷兰的地区。因此，通过研究依赖性、类比性和差异性，我们将有可能获得关于构成和组成、连续性和变化、语用学和时效性的见解，总之：1500年前后几十年商业知识的动态。通过对1511年的“Handelspraktik”的典型关注，这在时间、范围和内容方面尤其重要，以及通过其比较背景化的方式，从中世纪晚期到近代早期过渡期间商业知识发展的重要组成部分将被揭示。

The project focuses on a 'Handelspraktik' from Upper Germany, which was probably created in 1511. It is preserved in manuscript at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel today (signature: Cod. Guelf. 18.4. Aug. 4o). The scientific term 'Handelspraktik' refers to a type of pragmatic texts of the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Period presenting mercantile knowledge like a compendium for individual or internal use (i.e. notebooks) or distribution within a greater circle of users (i.e. manuals). While mercantile notebooks have emerged since the late thirteenth and manuals since the fifteenth century in Italy, the 'Handelspraktik' of the Wolfenbüttel library is one of the earliest examples for corresponding texts in German-speaking regions. Among other things, this handbook contains information on market conditions and commercial customs, prices and cost calculations, as well as currencies, measurements and weights together with their conversion. The main focus of the text is on the trade with Venice. In addition, particular attention is given to Augsburg and Nuremberg, to a much lesser extent to Frankfurt. Until today, we do not know who compiled the text, but it probably originates from Augsburg.In recent times 'Handelspraktiken' have attracted increasing interest with regard to economic history, yet, there are still substantive shortcomings in research on them. Significantly, the Wolfenbüttel manuscript has been known to the research community for a long time. Up to today, however, there has been no detailed examination of this source that is of great importance for the history of Upper German trade. The project uses the text in order to analyze the mercantile knowledge of the time around 1500, with it being very specialized practical and procedural knowledge, i.e. application-oriented knowledge, which is studied from three analytical perspectives, closely linked with each other: production (processes and conditions of formation), order (contents and their connections), presentation (techniques and forms of dissemination). Systematic comparisons with other 'Handelspraktiken', especially from Upper Germany, but also from Northern Italy and from regions of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, are methodically necessary. Accordingly, by investigating dependencies, analogies and differences, it will be possible to gain insights concerning constitution and composition, continuities and changes, pragmatics and timeliness, in a word: the dynamics of mercantile knowledge in the decades around 1500. With an exemplary focus on the 'Handelspraktik' from 1511, which is especially significant in terms of time, extent and content, as well as by means of its comparative contextualization, an essential part of the development of mercantile knowledge during the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Modern Period will be uncovered.