A 'Handelspraktik' (mercantile manual) from Upper Germany and mercantile knowledge around 1500

来自上德国的“Handelspraktik”（商业手册）和 1500 年左右的商业知识

• 批准号: 284225552
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Gerhard Fouquet
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Historisches Seminar
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/284225552?language=en
• 关键词: Handelspraktik; mercantile; manual; Upper; Germany

The project focuses on a 'Handelspraktik' from Upper Germany, which was probably created in 1511. It is preserved in manuscript at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel today (signature: Cod. Guelf. 18.4. Aug. 4o). The scientific term 'Handelspraktik' refers to a type of pragmatic texts of the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Period presenting mercantile knowledge like a compendium for individual or internal use (i.e. notebooks) or distribution within a greater circle of users (i.e. manuals). While mercantile notebooks have emerged since the late thirteenth and manuals since the fifteenth century in Italy, the 'Handelspraktik' of the Wolfenbüttel library is one of the earliest examples for corresponding texts in German-speaking regions. Among other things, this handbook contains information on market conditions and commercial customs, prices and cost calculations, as well as currencies, measurements and weights together with their conversion. The main focus of the text is on the trade with Venice. In addition, particular attention is given to Augsburg and Nuremberg, to a much lesser extent to Frankfurt. Until today, we do not know who compiled the text, but it probably originates from Augsburg.In recent times 'Handelspraktiken' have attracted increasing interest with regard to economic history, yet, there are still substantive shortcomings in research on them. Significantly, the Wolfenbüttel manuscript has been known to the research community for a long time. Up to today, however, there has been no detailed examination of this source that is of great importance for the history of Upper German trade. The project uses the text in order to analyze the mercantile knowledge of the time around 1500, with it being very specialized practical and procedural knowledge, i.e. application-oriented knowledge, which is studied from three analytical perspectives, closely linked with each other: production (processes and conditions of formation), order (contents and their connections), presentation (techniques and forms of dissemination). Systematic comparisons with other 'Handelspraktiken', especially from Upper Germany, but also from Northern Italy and from regions of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, are methodically necessary. Accordingly, by investigating dependencies, analogies and differences, it will be possible to gain insights concerning constitution and composition, continuities and changes, pragmatics and timeliness, in a word: the dynamics of mercantile knowledge in the decades around 1500. With an exemplary focus on the 'Handelspraktik' from 1511, which is especially significant in terms of time, extent and content, as well as by means of its comparative contextualization, an essential part of the development of mercantile knowledge during the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Modern Period will be uncovered.

该项目的重点是来自上德国的“Handelspraktik”，可能创建于1511年。它的手稿保存在今天的赫尔佐格八月图书馆在沃尔芬比特尔（签名：鳕鱼。盖尔夫18.4. Aug. 4o）。科学术语“Handelspraktik”指的是中世纪晚期和近代早期的一种实用文本，展示商业知识，如个人或内部使用的纲要（即笔记本）或在更大范围内分发的用户（即手册）。在意大利，商业笔记本和手册分别从13世纪末和世纪开始出现，而沃尔芬比特尔图书馆的“Handelspraktik”则是德语地区对应文本的最早范例之一。除其他外，该手册载有关于市场条件和商业惯例、价格和成本计算以及货币、计量和重量及其换算的信息。文本的主要重点是与威尼斯的贸易。此外，特别注意奥格斯堡和纽伦堡，在很小的程度上法兰克福。直到今天，我们还不知道是谁编写了这本书，但它可能起源于奥格斯堡。近年来，《商业史》在经济史方面引起了越来越多的兴趣，但对它的研究仍然存在实质性的缺陷。值得注意的是，Wolfenbüttel手稿已经为研究界所知很长时间了。然而，直到今天，还没有人详细研究这个对上德意志贸易史具有重要意义的来源。该项目使用文本来分析1500年左右的商业知识，这些知识是非常专业的实践和程序性知识，即面向应用的知识，从三个相互密切联系的分析角度进行研究：生产（形成过程和条件），秩序（内容及其联系），呈现（传播的技术和形式）。与其他“Handelspraktiken”，特别是从上德国，但也从意大利北方和地区的北方德国和荷兰的系统比较，是有系统的必要。因此，通过研究依赖关系、类比和差异，我们将有可能获得关于构成和组成、连续性和变化、语用学和时间性的见解，一句话：1500年左右几十年来商业知识的动态。以1511年的“商业知识”为例，这在时间、范围和内容方面都具有特别重要的意义，并通过其比较语境化，揭示了从中世纪晚期到近代早期过渡期间商业知识发展的重要组成部分。