Creditors and debtors: Christian and Jewish money and capital markets in late medieval German towns

正如布鲁诺·库斯克（Bruno Kuske）和他之后的许多人所证实的那样，信用渗透到中世纪的经济生活中。即使是半城市的农村信贷市场，主要是基于口头，也具有重大的经济意义，至少在地方一级，例如世纪后期英格尔海姆地区的信贷市场就表明了这一点。这一结论可以从这样一个事实中得出，即根据冲突在法庭上被书面提出。除了对中世纪晚期的年金贷款和城市债券市场的全面研究之外，利息贷款在世纪的激烈高利贷辩论中得到了认可，通过对犹太信贷体系、伦巴第人和卡霍尔辛人以及基督教商人（尤其是所谓的商人银行家）的商业实践的广泛研究，它确实获得了特殊的重要性。然而，自14世纪后期以来，犹太人信贷替代的重要观察主要是从负面证实的，因为只有零星的研究将注意力转向基督教放债人提供的贷款，因此犹太人的直接竞争对手。因此，在研究文献中，犹太人的借贷仍然被认为与中世纪的整个借贷体系几乎是同步的。因此，该项目的主要问题是基于这样一个假设，即至少从1320年开始，贷款市场总是受到基督教和犹太金融家的影响。由于勒索信贷的工具，显然已经深思熟虑，并证明了基督徒在第一，甚至有一个功能之间的联系，基督教和犹太人的信贷。例如，1356年至1485年间基督教和犹太教贷款市场的不同功能将在对来自维也纳、康斯坦茨和巴本豪森（靠近达姆施塔特）的相关资料进行考察的基础上进行探讨。这些城市的城市发展差异很大，可能代表着不同模式的贷款市场。此外，它们还提供了进行比较分析的可能性。通过将统计方法和人学方法相结合，将考虑到男女债务人和债务人以及信贷量和他们各自安排的贷款协议期限。从而，可以书写中世纪晚期贷款的经济史和个人史。

Credit penetrated the medieval economic life all-around, as Bruno Kuske and many after him ascertained. Even semi-urban rural credit markets, which were largely based on orality, were of great economic significance at least on a local level, as e.g. the credit markets in the Ingelheim region of the late 15th century shows. This conclusion can be drawn from the fact that according conflicts were put into writing before court. In addition to the comprehensive research regarding annuity loans and the urban bond markets of the late Middle Ages, the interest loan, sanctioned by the aggravated usury debate of the 13th century, indeed gained its specific importance by the extensive research on the Jewish credit system, the Lombards and Cahorsins, and the business practices of Christian merchants, especially of the so-called merchant-bankers. However, the important observation of the substitution of Jewish credits since the late 14th century was mainly substantiated ex negativo, since there was only sporadic research that turned attention to the loans granted by Christian moneylenders and thus by the Jews' direct competitors. Therefore, in research literature the Jewish loan is still perceived almost synonymously with the entire loan system of the Middle Ages. Hence, the proposed project's primary question is based on the assumption that at least since 1320 loan markets were always affected by Christian and Jewish financiers alike. Due to the instruments of the extortionate credits that had apparently been cogitated and proven by Christians at first, there even had to be a functional connection between the Christian and the Jewish credit. Exemplarily, the differing functions of the Christian and the Jewish loan markets between 1356 and 1485 will be explored on the basis of an examination of relevant sources from the cities of Vienna, Constance and Babenhausen (near Darmstadt). These cities varied significantly in their urban development and are likely to represent loan markets with differing patterns. Additionally, they also offer, with all due caution, possibilities of comparative analysis. Through the combination of statistic and prosopographic methods, debt holders and debtors, men and women alike, will be taken into consideration as well as the credit volumes and their respectively arranged usances of loan agreements. Thereby, an economic history and a personal history of the Late Medieval loan may be written.