Migration behaviour of long- and medium-distance songbird migrants

中长距离鸣禽迁徙行为

• 批准号: 311144517
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Heiko Schmaljohann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften (IBU)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-31 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/311144517?language=en
• 关键词: Migration; behaviour; long; medium; distance

Birds can be distinguished between residents and facultative and obligate migrants, although these categories are not distinct, and their extremes are set at different ends of a continuum. Within the Palaearctic-African migration system, migrants are separated into trans-Saharan migrants, i.e., species that winter south of the Sahara, which show longer seasonal migration periods (long-distance migrants), and those that winter farther north (medium-distance migrants). Due to our current lack of fundamental information about the potentially different migration strategies of these two migration groups, we lack useful explanations of why the changes in the seasonal phenology of long-distance migrants that occurred in response to changes in climate differed from those of medium-distance migrants. Although several studies have examined the migration behaviour of single species of both of these groups, to date, no study has investigated potential differences in their migration behaviour by jointly considering species of both groups at the same time using an experimental approach and under free-flying conditions. Optimal migration theory predicts that medium-distance migrants have more time for their seasonal movements than long-distance migrants. Therefore, the former is predicted to have more time for travelling to minimize energy expenditure. In contrast, long-distance migrants are supposed to maximize the speed of migration to reach their more distant destinations in time. Because longer migration distances are more costly in terms of time and energy, long-distance migrants have less time and energy for other life history traits, i.e., breeding, moulting, and wintering. Therefore, stronger selection pressure is predicted to act on species with longer migration routes compared with those with shorter routes. The small degree of phenotypic variation that has been observed in the seasonal temporal organization of life-history events in long-distance migrants was hypothesized to come from low levels of heritable variation. Here, I propose to critically study the migration behaviour of long- and medium-distance migrants using four comparable study species. To do so, I will combine cage experiments involving temporarily confined migrants, for which environmental conditions can be controlled, with studies of free-flying birds on Helgoland. To estimate the migration behaviour of free-flying birds, I plan to set up a large-scale automated digital telemetry array in addition to the existing telemetry station on Helgoland. With this system, birds' movements across large parts of the German Bight and the adjacent coastal areas would be covered. This would be the first study to demonstrate, using a holistic approach, the different solutions found by selection for long- and short-distance migrants in terms of both their migration behaviour (time vs. energy) and their range of reaction norms to environmental variation during both spring and autumn migration.

鸟类可以区分为留鸟和兼性和专性迁徙者，尽管这些类别并不明显，它们的极端是在一个连续体的不同末端。在古北-非洲移徙系统内，移徙者分为跨撒哈拉移徙者，即：在撒哈拉以南过冬的物种，其季节性迁徙期较长（长途迁徙），以及在更北过冬的物种（中距离迁徙）。由于我们目前缺乏关于这两个移民群体可能不同的移民策略的基本信息，我们缺乏有用的解释，为什么长距离移民的季节性物候变化对气候变化的反应不同于中距离移民。虽然有几项研究审查了这两个群体的单一物种的迁移行为，但迄今为止，还没有研究通过使用实验方法和在自由飞行条件下同时考虑这两个群体的物种来调查其迁移行为的潜在差异。最佳移徙理论预测，中距离移徙者比长距离移徙者有更多的时间进行季节性移徙。因此，预计前者将有更多的时间旅行，以尽量减少能源消耗。相比之下，长途移徙者应该尽可能加快移徙速度，及时到达更远的目的地。由于较长的迁移距离在时间和精力方面的成本更高，长距离迁移者用于其他生活史特征的时间和精力更少，即，繁殖换羽和越冬因此，较强的选择压力预计将作用于物种与较短的路线相比，迁移路线较长。小程度的表型变异，已观察到在长距离移民的生活史事件的季节性时间组织被假设为来自低水平的遗传变异。在这里，我建议批判性地研究迁移行为的长距离和中距离移民使用四个可比较的研究物种。为了做到这一点，我将把联合收割机笼实验与黑尔戈兰岛上自由飞翔的鸟类的研究结合起来，笼实验涉及暂时被限制的移民，环境条件可以控制。为了估计自由飞翔的鸟类的迁徙行为，我计划在黑尔戈兰现有的遥测站之外建立一个大规模的自动数字遥测阵列。有了这个系统，德国湾和邻近沿海地区大部分地区的鸟类活动都将被覆盖。这将是第一项研究，以展示，使用一个整体的方法，不同的解决方案，通过选择长距离和短距离的移民在他们的迁移行为（时间与能源）和他们的范围内的反应规范，在春季和秋季迁移的环境变化。