Influence of experience and migratory distance on the variation of the realised and endogenous migration behaviour

幼年夜间迁徙的鸣鸟不受同种情况的影响，可以独立于其他物种，飞行数千公里到它们的越冬区。为了及时到达现场，他们的先天迁徙计划定义了鸟类迁徙的时空组织和它们对环境因素的反应规范。以高时空分辨率跟踪第一次迁徙表明，内源控制的迁徙程序如何引导鸟类穿越空间和时间，而成年鸟的迁徙则受到它们的经验的影响。随着迁徙距离的增加，稳定(定向)选择的强度应该会朝着准确的繁殖时机增加，特别是在北极。主要目的是调查自由飞行的幼鸟和有经验的鸟类实现的迁徙行为，揭示迁徙的遗传基础，以及先天迁徙行为的变化是否随着迁徙距离的增加而减少，从而增加稳定(定向)选择压力。北麦(Oenanthe Oenanthe)是世界上范围最大的鸣鸟之一，从加拿大东部横跨格陵兰岛、欧亚大陆和阿拉斯加繁殖。由于所有人口都在撒哈拉以南非洲过冬，不同人口之间的迁徙距离各不相同。它们的运动可以通过光级别的地理定位器以高时空分辨率进行跟踪。方法阿拉斯加人口的缺点，即没有关于春分前后纬度的信息，由于其大的纵向迁徙成分允许关于中途停留和飞行阶段的准确的时间信息而被最小化。这使得研究定向表现、时空迁移策略和对不同环境的反应规范可能存在的年龄差异成为可能。除了阿拉斯加鸟类(迁徙距离：14000公里)外，还将对德国麦穗(4,000公里)进行轻量级地理定位研究。由于使用轻量级地理定位器需要重新诱捕；只有返回的鸟类才能考虑。为了一致地研究先天迁徙计划对实现迁徙的重要性，我们需要通过共同园地实验，结合不同种群幼鸟内源成分(燃料沉积、迁徙躁动)的变化来考虑自由飞行个体的迁徙行为。在这里，我们还将考虑来自摩洛哥(1500公里)、挪威(5000公里)和岛屿(6000公里)的鸟类。由于迁徙距离可能等同于在旅途中经历的自然选择压力的强度，本研究将揭示自然选择如何影响先天迁徙性状的变异。在不久的将来，ICARUS项目将克服只考虑返回鸟类的问题，从而允许对小型生物进行遥感。未来的视角是研究最初天真的个体多年来迁徙行为的个体重复性和一致性。

Juvenile nocturnally migrating songbirds travel thousands of kilometres to their wintering areas independently of conspecifics. To arrive at the spot and in time, their innate migration program defines birds spatiotemporal organisation of migration and their reaction norm to environmental factors. Tracking the first migration at a high spatiotemporal resolution indicates how the endogenously controlled migration program guides birds through space and time, whereas adults migration is influenced by their experience. With an increasing migration distance the strength of stabilizing (directional) selection is supposed to increase towards an accurate timing for reproduction especially in the Arctic. The main aims are to investigate the realised migration behaviour of free-flying naïve and experienced birds indicating the genetic basis of migration and whether the variation of the innate migration behaviour decreases with increasing migration distance and consequently increased stabilizing (directional) selection pressure.The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) has one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world, breeding from eastern Canada across Greenland, Eurasia and into Alaska. As all populations winter in sub-Saharan Africa, migration distance varies between populations. Their movements can be tracked in a high spatiotemporal resolution by light-level geolocators. Methods drawback, i.e., no information about latitude around equinoxes, is minimized in the Alaskan population due to its large longitudinal migratory component allowing precise temporal information about stopover and flight stages. This enables studying possible age differences in the orientation performance, spatiotemporal migration strategy and reaction norms to varying environments. In addition to Alaskan birds (migration distance: 14000 km), German wheatears (4000 km) will be studied also by light-level geolocation. As the usage of light-level geolocators requires re-trapping; only returning birds can be considered. To study coherently the importance of the innate migration program on the realization of migration, we need considering migration behaviour of free-flying individuals in combination with the variation of the endogenous components (fuel deposition, migratory restlessness) in naïve birds of different populations by common-garden experiments. Here we will consider additionally birds from Morocco (1500 km), Norway (5000 km) and Island (6000 km). As migration distance might be equivalent with strength of the natural selection pressure experienced during travelling, this study will show how natural selection affected the variation of the innate migratory traits. The problem of considering only returning birds will be overcome with the ICARUS-Project in the near future allowing remote sensing of small organisms. A future perspective is studying the individual repeatability and consistency of the migration behaviour of initially naïve individuals over years.