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Mahayana in Europe: Japanese Buddhists and Their Contribution to Academic Knowledge about Buddhism in Nineteenth-Century Europe

欧洲大乘：日本佛教徒及其对十九世纪欧洲佛教学术知识的贡献

基本信息

批准号：
313000274
负责人：
Professor Dr. Hans Martin Krämer
金额：
--
依托单位：
Institut für Japanologie
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2015-12-31 至 2019-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/313000274?language=en
关键词：
Mahayana Europe Japanese Buddhists Their

项目摘要

What part did Japanese Buddhists play in the production of knowledge about Buddhism and religion in Europe towards the end of the nineteenth century? The current project aims at answering this question, thereby contributing to research on the reception of Buddhism in Europe. Although important aspects of this reception (such as Indological research, Buddhism in European philosophy, or more recently Theosophy) have been the subject of research, the contribution made by Japanese Buddhists is missing completely from the picture. Yet the direct transfer of knowledge about Mahayana Buddhism through Japanese who were in contact with European orientalists since the 1870s has influenced European views of Buddhism more than has been acknowledged so far.In three subprojects I plan to investigate 1) how a modern view of Buddhism emerged in Japan from the 1870s onwards, 2) how this view was spread in Europe by Japanese Buddhists, and 3) how this knowledge about Mahayana Buddhism changed not only the European image of Buddhism, but eventually conceptions of religion in the European academy overall. To elaborate, it was only through the inner reform of Japanese Buddhism under the conditions of modernity that the impulse to reach out to Europe emerged (subproject 1). The actual mediators, i.e. Japanese Buddhist priests, went to Europe as pupils of orientalist scholars there. At the same time, however, they were regarded as authentic experts of their lived religion and they were also scholars of their indigenous traditions of knowledge in their own right (subproject 2). Although some sources of Mahayana Buddhism had been translated into European languages even before the middle of the nineteenth century, there was little consciousness of the differing subtraditions of Buddhism in Europe before the 1860s. The Japanese mediators were a crucial actor in the emergence of a clear-cut concept of "Mahayana Buddhism" (subproject 3).The central hypothesis of the overall project is that knowledge about Buddhism was created in the initial phase of the new discipline of religious studies, but that this process was not just due to European textual studies. Buddhism was important in this initial phase because it was crucial in forming conceptions of "world religions". And we see here a dynamic picture of the production of academic knowledge between Asia and Europe with active mediators also on the Asian side, a picture that throws serious doubt on established notions of European orientalism.

日本佛教徒在世纪末欧洲佛教和宗教知识的产生中扮演了什么角色？目前的项目旨在回答这个问题，从而有助于研究佛教在欧洲的接受情况。虽然这种接受的重要方面（如印度学研究，欧洲哲学中的佛教，或最近的神学）一直是研究的主题，但日本佛教徒所做的贡献完全从图片中消失。然而，自19世纪70年代以来，通过与欧洲东方主义者接触的日本人，大乘佛教的知识直接传播，对欧洲佛教观的影响超过了迄今为止所承认的。我计划在三个子项目中调查1）从19世纪70年代起，现代佛教观如何在日本出现，2）这种观点如何通过日本佛教徒传播到欧洲，以及3）这种关于大乘佛教的知识如何不仅改变了欧洲人对佛教的印象，而且最终改变了整个欧洲学术界的宗教观念。具体地说，日本佛教在现代化条件下的内部改革才产生了向欧洲伸出援手的冲动（分项目1）。实际的调解人，即日本佛教僧侣，前往欧洲作为东方学者的学生。然而，与此同时，他们被视为其现存宗教的真正专家，他们也是其土著知识传统的学者（分项目2）。虽然大乘佛教的一些资料甚至在19世纪中期之前就被翻译成欧洲语言，但在19世纪60年代之前，人们几乎没有意识到佛教在欧洲的不同分支。日本的调停者在“大乘佛教”这一清晰概念的出现中扮演了关键角色（子项目3）。整个项目的中心假设是，关于佛教的知识是在宗教研究这一新学科的初始阶段产生的，但这一过程不仅仅是由于欧洲的文本研究。佛教在这个初始阶段很重要，因为它在形成“世界宗教”的概念方面至关重要。我们在这里看到了一幅亚洲和欧洲之间学术知识生产的动态画面，亚洲方面也有积极的调解人，这幅画面对欧洲东方主义的既定概念提出了严重质疑。