Archaeometric Study of Glazed Brick, Architectural Decoration from the 1st Millennium BCE, North-western Iran

公元前两千年和公元前一千年，琉璃砖为古代近东宫殿、寺庙和其他重要建筑增添了活力。美索不达米亚北方的新亚述人和其他民族以及邻近地区如埃及的人用琉璃砖装饰他们的建筑。然而，最著名的，最辉煌的和最多的研究釉面砖装饰是那些新巴比伦和阿契美尼德时期，分别在巴比伦和波斯波利斯。在世纪从巴比伦、苏萨和其他遗址出土的砖块最初被发现后，多年后的20世纪60年代，一种新的亚述风格的釉面砖出现在艺术品市场上，这种砖来自秘密发掘，特别是来自西阿塞拜疆省。有些似乎起源于第一个千年的Mannea王国（Akkadian Mannai）及其邻国，在古代亚述和/或乌拉尔图的政治，军事和文化影响范围内。最近在Qalaichi，拉巴特，Ziwiyeh和Hasanlu的官方发掘已经产生了釉面材料，这是我们研究的基础。埃兰人和亚述人的艺术品在图像学上的比较表明了它们之间的亲缘关系，但只有新亚述人的釉面装饰与基因有关。作为对伊朗西北部釉面砖艺术史研究的补充，样品通过官方渠道在德国进行了岩石学研究。现在是研究釉面技术如何与新亚述人相匹配的时候了，这是对两者之间明显的肖像相似性的补充。考古学研究是为了显示不同遗址产品之间的相似性和差异，这是伊朗西北部铁器时代釉面砖装饰的更大艺术历史研究的一个组成部分。我们建议当地的生产基地依赖于新亚述的技术和独立的埃兰的影响。进口必须加以识别。

Glazed bricks enlivened the architecture in Ancient Near Eastern palaces, temples and other important structures during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Neo-Assyrians and other peoples in northern Mesopotamia and those in neighbouring areas such as Egypt decorated their architecture with glazed bricks. However, the best known, most splendid and most studied glazed brick decoration are those of the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Periods, respectively at Babylon and Persepolis. After an initial recovery of excavated bricks in the 19th century from Babylon, Susa and other sites, years later in the 1960s a new kind of Assyrian-looking glazed brick turned up in the art market from clandestine excavations, originating particularly in the West Azerbaijan Province. Some appear to have originated from the 1st millennium kingdom of Mannea (Akkadian Mannai) and its neighbours, in the political, military and cultural sphere of influence of ancient Assyria and/or Urartu. Recent official excavations at Qalaichi, Rabat, Ziwiyeh and Hasanlu have yielded glazed materials, the basis of our study. Iconographic comparisons with Elamite and Assyrian artefacts suggest affinities, but only Neo-Assyrian glazed decoration are linked genetically. Complementary to the study of the art history of these NW Iranian glazed bricks, samples became available through official channels for petrological study in Germany.The time is right to study how the glaze technology matches that of the Neo-Assyrians, complementary to the manifest iconographic resemblances between the two. Archaeometric study is to show similarities and differences between the products of the different sites, a component of a larger art historical study of the NW Iranian Iron Age glazed brick decoration. We propose local production sites dependent on Neo-Assyrian technology and independent of Elamite influence. Imports must be identified.