Standards 2.0. Livelihoods of Indian smallholder farmers between global and domestic value chains for organic and fair trade agri-food products

小农农业被认为是农业和粮食安全的支柱。在最近的学术辩论中，经济地理学家也对农业食品全球化对小规模或小农的影响给予了特别关注。根据研究，解决了围绕价值链治理的问题，关于进入全球市场的决定因素，以及这种整合对SHF的优势和劣势。一个突出的问题是标准监管和认证制度的兴起，包括私营食品标准，以及关于这些标准是否对全球南方的卫生保健服务构成障碍并阻碍生计改善和减贫，或者它们是否可能导致产品和/或过程升级机制的持续辩论(排除辩论)。人们经常争辩说，替代营销策略，如有机或公平贸易农业，可以通过增加收入来改善SHF的生计，因为这些市场细分市场提供了溢价。传统上，在全球北方需求增加的推动下，全球南方国家的有机和公平贸易生产一直是以出口为导向的。然而，最近的事态发展表明，这类产品的市场在全球南方国家也在增长，特别是在金砖国家，在这些国家，上层和正在崛起的新中产阶级对更可持续和健康食品的需求正在增长。这可能意味着，这些国家以前以出口市场为目标的产品现在可以改变方向或增加，以满足本国的需求。虽然在学术辩论中很少或根本没有注意到这一现象，但这里的论点是，将小农的参与从国际价值链转移到国内价值链，是分析家庭和社区一级生计成果的潜在变化以及价值链治理的一个相关目标。这个项目旨在通过印度的例子来解决这一漏洞，在印度，小规模的结构主导着农业系统。与此同时，国内有机产品市场出现了两位数的增长，预计公平贸易产品也会出现增长。这里提出的研究结果在概念和实践两个层面上都有贡献。从概念上讲，这里提出的主要论点是，(全球)价值链分析可以受益于与生计和公约理论框架更明确和更有成效的联系。实际上，它应显示获得和参与国内生产的相对优势，而不是出口生产，其特点大概是不同的质量理解和治理结构，以促进可持续发展-生计成果。通过分析将SHF纳入两个不同价值链(有机作为更成熟的运动，公平贸易作为替代食品运动的相对新动力)的例子，我们可以比较市场成熟不同阶段的动态。

Smallholder farming is regarded as the backbone of agriculture and food security. Particular scrutiny in recent academic debates, also among economic geographers, has been given to the implications of the agri-food globalization for small-scale or smallholder farmers (SHF). According studies address questions around value chain governance, about determinants of access to global markets, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this integration for SHF. One prominent issue is the rise of standard regulation and certification systems, including private food standards, and the ongoing debate about whether these standards display a barrier for SHF in the Global South and hamper livelihood improvement and poverty reduction, or if they could induce product and or process upgrading mechanisms (exclusion debate). It is often argued that alternative marketing strategies, such as organic or fair trade farming, can improve SHF livelihoods by increasing income due to premium prices offered in these market segments. Traditionally, organic and fair trade production in countries of the Global South has been export-oriented, driven by increasing demand in the Global North. However, recent developments indicate that markets for these types of products are growing also in countries of the Global South, and in the BRICS countries in particular, where demand of the upper- and rising new middle class for more sustainable and healthy foods are growing. This may imply that produce from these countries that was previously targeted for export markets can now be redirected or increased to meet own domestic demand. While little to no attention has been paid to this phenomenon in scholarly debates, the argument here is that shifting participation of smallholders from international to domestic value chains is a relevant objective for analyzing potential changes in livelihood outcomes on household and community level, and value chain governance alike. This project aims to address this lacuna by the example of India, where small-scale structures dominate the agrarian system. At the same time, double-digit growth has been observable in the domestic organic market and is expected for Fair Trade products. Outcomes of the study proposed here contribute on both conceptual and practical levels. Conceptually, the main argument made here is that (global) value chain analyses can benefit by more explicit and fruitful linkages to livelihood and convention theory frameworks. Practically, it shall reveal relative advantages of access to and participation in domestic as opposed to export production, presumably characterized by different quality understandings and governance structures, for SHF-livelihood outcomes. By analyzing the examples of inclusion of SHF in two distinctive value chains (Organic as a more established movement and fair trade as a relatively new momentum of alternative food movement), we can compare dynamics at different stages of market maturity.