Heat waves in Berlin, Germany - Urban climate modifications

“城市气候改变”项目是作为“德国柏林热浪”项目提出的三个项目之一。该项目将与研究伙伴伊娃·穆勒和格尔德·韦索莱克合作，研究柏林热浪的发生和特征及其对人类健康的负面影响（柏林工业大学）提出了“城市树木的水压力”项目，还有塞巴斯蒂安舒伯特（洪堡大学柏林）他打算开发一种改进的方法，对城市的全球气候预测进行动态降尺度，以柏林为例，在他的“气候预测”项目中进行测试。DFG研究单位1736“鉴于气候变化，中纬度城市的城市气候和热应力（UCaHS）”，资助至2016年中期，可以揭示，在21世纪的第一个十年中，每年都会发生几次高于平均水平的温暖天气条件，这些天气条件与柏林人口死亡率的增加高度相关。在这个项目中，我们将调查，如何在UCaHS开发的基于风险的方法可以进一步改进，并用于识别热浪。然后，应就热浪之间的气象条件差异、这些差异与先前气象条件的关系以及城市结构和树木如何造成城市内部差异，对这种方法确定的热浪进行研究。联合研究的目标应是采用多尺度方法，通过蒸腾冷却和遮蔽，研究水压力对调节气候的生态系统服务的影响。此外，还应分析城市和农村地区的差异。来自城市气候观测网络和德国气象局的综合数据集，来自进一步观测（包括涡动协方差测量）以及中欧精细分析（CER）的网格数据应针对上述研究主题进行补充、更新和分析。这包括制定和测试在空间上汇总各个城市地区和周围地区的气象和人类生物特征数据的方法，以便能够就热浪造成的危害的空间差异对全面的、空间分布的风险数据进行分析。在这方面，联合研究应量化具有高空间分辨率的气候预测的不确定性，并研究它们如何影响未来气候条件下热浪的识别和分析。

The project "Urban climate modifications" is one of three projects that is proposed as project entitled "Heat waves in Berlin, Germany". The project shall study occurrence and characteristics of heat waves in Berlin and their negative impacts on human health, in collaboration with the research partners Eva Müller and Gerd Wessolek (Technische Universität Berlin) who propose the project "Water stress for urban trees", and with Sebastian Schubert (Humboldt-Universität Berlin) who intends to develop an improved method for dynamical downscaling of global climate projections for cities to be tested for the example of Berlin in his project "Climate projections". The DFG research unit 1736 "Urban Climate and Heat Stress in mid-latitude cities in view of climate change (UCaHS)", funded till mid of 2016, could e.g. reveal that in the first decade of the 21st century several episodes of above-average warm weather conditions occurred in each year that are statistically highly correlated with increased mortality of Berlin's population. In this project, we shall investigate, how the risk-based approach developed in UCaHS could be further improved and used for identification of heat waves. The heat waves identified by this approach shall then be studied with respect to differences in meteorological conditions between heat waves, how these relate to antecedent meteorological conditions, and how urban structures and trees cause intra-urban differences. Joint research shall target on studying the influence of water stress on climate-regulatory ecosystem services by transpirative cooling and shading using a multi-scale approach. In addition, differences between urban and rural areas shall be analysed. The comprehensive data sets from the Urban Climate Observation Network and from the German Weather Service, from further observations (incl. eddy-covariance measurements), as well as the gridded data of the Central Europe Refined analysis (CER) shall be complemented, updated and analysed with respect to the above-mentioned research topics. This includes development and testing of methods for spatial aggregation of meteorological and human-biometeorological data for individual city districts and areas in the surroundings, such that comprehensive, spatially distributed risk data could be analysed with respect to spatial differences in hazards caused by heat waves. In this context, joint research shall quantify uncertainties in climate projections with high spatial resolution, and study how they influence identification and analysis of heat waves under future climate conditions.