Sprachliche Differenz zwischen Unterscheidung und Ereignis (Jakobson, Luhmann, Humboldt, Gadamer, Heidegger)

在二十世纪初，语言对(哲学)思维的影响不再以症状和体征来报道，而是有了“见证者”，这当然不是偶然的，也就是说，随着对这一知识的第一次科学思考的出现，语言或手势的定义已经被视为与差异的定义密不可分。当时，甚至在语言成为这些科学思考的主题之前，语言就已经被理解为一种差异，实际上，这种概念联系的奇怪外观并不能与有意识的基础行为联系在一起--或者任何类型的起点理论。语言并不是突然成为人们关注的对象或主题。相反，它的影响被认为是一个已经过去的事件，但在现在仍然潜在和形成，虽然肯定有不同的解释，但它是共同经历的；虽然它肯定不能不被评论，但它抵制叙事的时间因果顺序和它的区别。与此同时，语言本身--以它的侵入性经验--回避；它退回到自身，作为一种差异，并在它作为主体出现和出现的那一刻消失。当我们从这个角度考虑语言定义的二十世纪历史(无论是成功的故事还是衰落的故事)，或者我们将其解读为对一个潜在事件的回答时，我们就可以更好地理解语言定义的相互依存的真理--这一真理在文本上是可以证明的。本文的目的是通过仔细阅读典范作品(罗曼·雅各布森、尼克拉斯·卢曼、威廉·冯·洪堡、汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔和马丁·海德格尔等人)来检验上述假设，或者寻求这些文本中语言的相互依存和差异。

It is certainly no accident that, at the start of the twentieth century, as the effect of language on (philosophical) thinking was no longer reported in terms of symptoms and signs, but rather as having "witnesses" that is, as the first scientific reflections on this knowledgeappeared, - the definition of language or of the sign was already being seen as inseparable from the definition of the difference. At the time, language, even before it could become the subject of these scientific reflections, was already understood as a type of difference, and indeed this occurred without the strange appearance of this conceptual connection being able to be linked to a conscious act of foundation - or any sort of starting theory. Language did not suddenly arise as an object of interest or subject at the centre of attention. Rather, its effect was felt as an event that was already past but still latent and formative in the present, which, while certainly interpreteddifferently, was experienced together; while it certainly cannot be left uncommented on, it resists the temporal-causal order of the narrative and its distinctions. At the same time, language itself - with its intrusive experience - evades; it retreats back into itself as a difference and disappears just at the moment in which it as such appears and arises as a subject. When we consider the twentieth century history (whether a story of success or decline) of the definition of language from this point of view, or we read it as an answer to a latent event, the truth - demonstrable textually - of the interdependence of the definition of language with difference can be better understood. The goal of the present paper is to put the above-formulated hypotheses to the test through a close reading of exemplary works (by Roman Jakobson, Niklas Luhmann, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Martin Heidegger, among others),or, alternatively, to pursue the interdependence of language and difference in these texts.