Averroes as a Physician: Intellectual and Social Contexts of Medicine in Al-Andalus

当谈到医学在12世纪安达卢西亚宫廷背景下的重要性时，阿威罗伊（1126 - 1198）的人和作品为讨论提供了一个有价值的起点。我们不仅了解这位作者和他的作品，我们还能够将他的生活置于更广泛的社会背景下，即阿莫哈德法院。因此，有可能在医学方面获得新的见解，在这种情况下，医疗活动对公众产生了影响，迄今为止，我们还不太详细地了解。这种努力特别有趣，因为阿威罗伊的œuvre与12世纪阿莫哈德统治者所规定的知识和政治框架有着千丝万缕的联系。阿威罗伊的学术活动只能在这样的背景下被理解：阿莫哈德关心通过提供一些新的东西来与伊斯兰东方的学术话语保持距离。对于医学来说，这主要意味着对著名的阿维森纳医学百科全书al-Qānūn fl -ṭibb的内容进行界定。另一方面，在安达卢西亚，它自己的东西被创造出来，作为对东方伊斯兰文本的某种“回答”。因此，基于第一个资助阶段的结果，对于该项目的进一步工作，出现了一个基本问题，即阿威罗伊设计“安达卢西亚医学”的背景和方案及其知识环境。这里主要的重点将放在阿威罗伊对阿维森纳医学诗的评论（Urjūza）以及阿威罗伊的Theriak论文上，因为在这两篇文章中，阿威罗伊集中讨论了医学文献在伊斯兰东部地区兴起时的地位。在拉丁语和希伯来语的学术背景下，这两篇文本的接受也将是这里感兴趣的。在第二步中，这些智力讨论将在阿莫哈德法院环境中进行。医学说教诗的文学说教形式，在安达卢西亚非常流行，将在这里发挥特殊作用，还有关于宫廷学术会议重要性的问题。这种研究的潜力不仅在于有可能扩大对阿威罗伊的认识，而且还在于有可能将这些发现置于更广泛的智力和政治背景中。这将回答12世纪安达卢西亚的医学作为一门科学是如何实践的问题，并将其与伊斯兰东方的学术活动进行对比。它还将阐明，在何种程度上，阿莫哈德统治者不仅促进了这些学术话语，而且还将它们作为政治计划的工具。

When talking about the importance of medicine in the courtly context of 12th century Andalusia, the person and works of Averroes (1126 - 1198) offer a valuable starting point for discussion. Not only are we well informed about this author and his writings, we are also able to situate his life in the broader social context of the Almohad court. Thus, the possibility is enabled of achieving new insights on medicine in Almohad contexts in which medical activity had a public impact of which, hitherto, we did not know much of in detail. This endeavour is particularly interesting because Averroes’ œuvre is inextricably linked to the intellectual and political framework as dictated by the Almohad rulers of the 12th century. The scholarly activity of Averroes can only be understood against the background of the Almohad’s concern to distance themselves from the academic discourses of the Islamic East by offering something new. For medicine, this primarily means a delimitation of the contents of al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb, the famous medical encyclopedia of Avicenna. In Andalusia, on the other hand, something of its own was created as an "answer" of sorts to the Eastern Islamic texts. Therefore, based on the results developed in the first funding phase, for the further work of this project, the fundamental question arises as to the background and the program for the design of an "Andalusian medicine" by Averroes and his intellectual environment. The main focus hereby will lay on Averroes' Commentary on Avicenna’s medical poem (Urjūza) as well as on Averroes' Theriak treatise because it is in both of these texts that Averroes deals intensively with positions in medical literature as they arose in the eastern Islamic region. The reception of these two texts in Latin and Hebrew academic contexts will also be of interest here. In a second step, these intellectual discussions will be situated in the Almohad court environment. The literary-didactic form of the medical didactic poem, which was quite popular in Andalusia, will play a special role here, as well as questions about the importance of courtly learned meetings. The potential of such a study lies in the possibility not only to expand the knowledge about Averroes but also to put these findings in a broader intellectual and political context. This will allow answers to the question of how medicine was practiced in Andalusia in the 12th century as a science and put it in contrast to the scholarly activities of the Islamic East. It will also elucidate to what extent the Almohad rulers not only promoted these learned discourses but also instrumentalized them with regard to their political program.