From Transculturation to Culture-Specific Ethics: The Implementation of Confucian Ritual Forms in 19th Century Japan

这项研究的总体主题是物质儒家符号在近代日本早期官方学校中的使用。幕府在江户时代末期直接控制了鱼岛遗址的昭平坂学堂，激发了地域性学校延续已有的寺院-学校综合体的形式，包括祭祀孔子和其他相关仪式，但随着幕府对教育和与外部世界接触的要求导致教育目标的实质性变化，这些象征性的表达发生了变化。目前的研究项目通过对看得见的文化展示，如寺庙和礼仪的研究，来检验教育在这一时期的角色变化。在这个研究项目的第四年，主要活动仍然是收集和分析来自领域学校的初级素材，揭示孔庙、塞吉腾礼仪及其在教育系统中的作用。讨论的问题包括保持寺庙学校结构传统设计的动机、学校的教育目标、对人才和道德的灌输理念，以及学校学生的社会背景。核心问题是，在以儒家思想为基础的旧教育内容正在衰落的时候，为什么要投入如此多的努力和资源来维护学校寺庙制度的各种明显装饰。这项工作的成果正通过学术会议报告和出版物积极传播。

The overall topic of this research is the use of material Confucian symbols in the official schools of early modern Japan. The Bakufu took direct control of the Shoheizaka Gakumonjo school at the Yushima site in the late Edo period, inspiring domain schools to continue the established temple-school complex form, including the Sekiten sacrifices to Confucius and other related rites, but these symbolic expressions underwent change as Bakufu demands on education and contact with the outside world led to substantial changes in educational goals. The current research project examines the changing role of education in this period through research on the visible cultural displays such as temples and rituals.In the fourth year of this research project, the main activity has remained the collection and analysis of primary source materials from domain schools that shed light on the Confucius temples, Sekiten rituals, and their role in the education system. Questions addressed include the motivations for maintaining the traditional design of the temple-school structure, the educational aims of the schools, ideas on inculcating talent and morality, and the social backgrounds of the students at the schools. The central question is why so much effort and resources were devoted to maintaining the various visible trappings of the school-temple system at a time when the older Confucian-based educational content was on the decline. The results from this work is being actively disseminated through academic conference presentations and publications.