The evolution of House Architecture in the Portuguese Estremadura from Copper- to Iron Age. The evolution of Architecture, Function and Social Significance

自1887年Siret兄弟首次发布了这一遗址的地图以来，对伊比利亚半岛（公元前3世纪）铜石器时代定居点的调查主要集中在防御工事的墙壁、小发现和年代上，而关于内部住宅的问题仍然在很大程度上保持着研究的愿望。一个例外是1969年卡尔布博士未发表的论文，其中作者论述了古代地中海圆屋对伊比利亚半岛的影响问题。与此同时，增加了来源，在应用项目中，打算在详细的案例研究框架内再次讨论这个问题。葡萄牙中部西部的埃斯特雷马杜拉非常适合进行这样的调查。还有Zambujal遗址，德国考古研究所对其进行了52年的研究，这是保存最完好的铜器时代定居点之一。此外，还有其他重要的此类网站，如Vila Nova de S. Pedro， Penedo do lexm和Leceia。此外，该地区还提供了一些青铜和铁器时代房屋的例子，为研究铜器时代后房屋建筑的进一步发展提供了机会。在申请的项目中，应研究如何根据保存的遗迹重建房屋，例如通过对烧焦的涂抹碎片中保存的有机建筑材料进行考古分析。此外，还有一个问题是，同时存在的房屋之间是否存在可观察到的功能差异，例如在经济方面。此外，如果某些类型的房屋与某些类型的定居点之间存在相关性，那么定居点中房屋的位置和大小也将被考虑在内。有可能通过这些分析来证明社会差异吗？这些结果可能对解决伊比利亚半岛铜器时代复杂社会形成这一最近备受讨论的问题作出重要贡献。除此之外，重要的是描述可能揭示具有代表性或存储目的的建筑物的字符，这可能表明国家的功能，因为一些研究确实相信公元前3世纪在伊比利亚半岛形成了早期形式的国家。另一个重要的问题是，为什么铜器和青铜时代的圆形房屋被铁器时代的矩形房屋所取代。似乎这种变化可能是腓尼基人影响的结果，但为什么当地人采用矩形建筑仍然是一个问题。对于某些类型的组织来说，是否存在矩形建筑的必要性？是否有可能从以前的时代得出这样的结论？

The investigation of the chalcolithic settlements of the Iberian Peninsula (3rd mil. BC) since 1887, when the brothers Siret for the first time published a map of such a site, has concentrated on the fortification walls, small finds and chronology, whereas the question concerning the dwelling houses in the interior still maintain largely a desideratum of research. An exception is the unpublished dissertation of Ph. Kalb from 1969, where the author dealt with the question of the influence of the ancient mediterranian roundhouses on the Iberian Peninsula. As in the meanwhile increased the sources, in the applied project it is intended to take up again this question within the frame work of a detailed case study. The Estremadura in Western Central Portugal is ideally suited to such an inestigation. There is with the site of Zambujal, studied by the German Archaeological Institute for 52 years, one of the best preserved chalcolithic settlements. Further more there are also other important such sites like Vila Nova de S. Pedro, Penedo do Lexim und Leceia. In addition that region offers with several examples of Bronze- and Iron Age houses the opportunity to study the further development of the building of houses after the Copper Age. In the applied project it shall be investigated how to reconstruct the houses according to the preserved remains, for example through archaeobontanical analysis of the organic building material preserved in the fragments of burnt daub. Besides there is the question, if there are obeservable functional differences among simultaneously existing houses, for example with regard to economic aspects. Also the location and size of the houses in a settlement will be considered as well as the question , if there is a correlation between certain types of houses and certain types of settlements. Might it be possible to prove social differentiations by these analysis? The results could make an important contribution to the solution of the lately much discussed problem of the formation of complex societies in the Copper Age of the Iberian Peninsula. Beyond that it will be important to discribe characters which may reveal buildings for representative or storage purposes, which could indicate state functions, because several researches do believe in the formation of early forms of states in the 3rd Mil. BC on the Iberian Peninsula. Another important question is why the round houses of the Copper- and Bronze Ages had been replaced by rectangular houses in the Iron Age. It seems that this change could be a consequence of Phoenician influences, but there remains the question why the local population adopted the rectangular building. Does perhaps exist a necessity of rectangular buildings for certain types of organisation, and would it be possible to draw conclusions from such a result on the previous epochs?