The evolution of House Architecture in the Portuguese Estremadura from Copper- to Iron Age. The evolution of Architecture, Function and Social Significance

葡萄牙埃斯特雷马杜拉从铜器时代到铁器时代房屋建筑的演变。

• 批准号: 335673224
• 负责人: Privatdozent Dr. Michael Kunst
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung III: Vor- und Frühgeschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/335673224?language=en
• 关键词: evolution; House; Architecture; Portuguese; Estremadura

The investigation of the chalcolithic settlements of the Iberian Peninsula (3rd mil. BC) since 1887, when the brothers Siret for the first time published a map of such a site, has concentrated on the fortification walls, small finds and chronology, whereas the question concerning the dwelling houses in the interior still maintain largely a desideratum of research. An exception is the unpublished dissertation of Ph. Kalb from 1969, where the author dealt with the question of the influence of the ancient mediterranian roundhouses on the Iberian Peninsula. As in the meanwhile increased the sources, in the applied project it is intended to take up again this question within the frame work of a detailed case study. The Estremadura in Western Central Portugal is ideally suited to such an inestigation. There is with the site of Zambujal, studied by the German Archaeological Institute for 52 years, one of the best preserved chalcolithic settlements. Further more there are also other important such sites like Vila Nova de S. Pedro, Penedo do Lexim und Leceia. In addition that region offers with several examples of Bronze- and Iron Age houses the opportunity to study the further development of the building of houses after the Copper Age. In the applied project it shall be investigated how to reconstruct the houses according to the preserved remains, for example through archaeobontanical analysis of the organic building material preserved in the fragments of burnt daub. Besides there is the question, if there are obeservable functional differences among simultaneously existing houses, for example with regard to economic aspects. Also the location and size of the houses in a settlement will be considered as well as the question , if there is a correlation between certain types of houses and certain types of settlements. Might it be possible to prove social differentiations by these analysis? The results could make an important contribution to the solution of the lately much discussed problem of the formation of complex societies in the Copper Age of the Iberian Peninsula. Beyond that it will be important to discribe characters which may reveal buildings for representative or storage purposes, which could indicate state functions, because several researches do believe in the formation of early forms of states in the 3rd Mil. BC on the Iberian Peninsula. Another important question is why the round houses of the Copper- and Bronze Ages had been replaced by rectangular houses in the Iron Age. It seems that this change could be a consequence of Phoenician influences, but there remains the question why the local population adopted the rectangular building. Does perhaps exist a necessity of rectangular buildings for certain types of organisation, and would it be possible to draw conclusions from such a result on the previous epochs?

自1887年以来，对伊比利亚半岛（公元前3百万年）铜石时代定居点的调查一直集中在防御墙、小发现和年代学上，而关于内部住宅的问题仍然是一个迫切需要研究的问题。1887年，锡雷特兄弟首次出版了一张这样一个遗址的地图。一个例外是卡尔布博士1969年未发表的论文，其中作者讨论了古代地中海圆屋对伊比利亚半岛的影响问题。由于同时增加了来源，在应用项目中，打算在详细案例研究的框架内再次讨论这个问题。 葡萄牙中西部的埃斯特雷马杜拉非常适合这样的调查。 有Zambujal的网站，由德国考古研究所研究了52年，其中一个保存最完好的铜器时代的定居点。此外，还有其他重要的这样的网站，如Vila Nova de S。佩德罗，佩内多·多·莱西姆和莱西亚。此外，该地区还提供了几个青铜和铁器时代房屋的例子，以研究铜器时代后房屋建筑的进一步发展。 在应用项目中，应研究如何根据保存的遗迹重建房屋，例如通过对保存在烧焦的灰泥碎片中的有机建筑材料进行考古生物学分析。此外，还有一个问题，即同时存在的房屋之间是否存在明显的功能差异，例如在经济方面。此外，还将考虑定居点中房屋的位置和大小，以及某些类型的房屋与某些类型的定居点之间是否存在关联的问题。有没有可能通过这些分析来证明社会差异？这一研究结果对解决近来备受关注的伊比利亚半岛铜器时代复杂社会的形成问题具有重要意义。 除此之外，重要的是要描述可能揭示建筑物的代表性或存储目的，这可能表明国家的功能，因为一些研究确实相信早期国家形式的形成在公元前3世纪的伊比利亚半岛。 另一个重要的问题是，为什么铜器和青铜器时代的圆形房屋在铁器时代被矩形房屋所取代。这种变化似乎是腓尼基人影响的结果，但当地居民为什么采用矩形建筑仍然存在问题。对于某些类型的组织来说，矩形建筑物是否存在必要性？是否有可能从以前的时代的这样一个结果中得出结论？