Scottish Standard English - phonological and morphosyntactic features and their variation

苏格兰的语言情况很复杂，包括苏格兰盖尔语，这是一种主要由大约1.1%的苏格兰人口使用的赫布里底群岛语言，以及两种以英语为基础的语言：苏格兰人和苏格兰标准英语。苏格兰标准英语的语法通常被认为在很大程度上与英国其他地区所说的标准英语相同，其定义特征通常在语音和音系学方面进行描述。对SSE句法和词法的描述通常将其特征称为来自苏格兰人的借用，就像不同地区和社会说话者群体之间SSE使用的差异通常是通过不同程度的对苏格兰人的让步来解释的一样。这种倾向于借用苏格兰人的话来解释SSE语法与其他英语标准变体之间的所有差异，到目前为止，这种倾向有效地排除了对SSE的语法特征的描述，这些语法特征显示了SSE内部的地区和语域差异。该项目的目的是描述苏格兰标准英语的语法和语音特征以及它们在不同语域之间的(共同)可变性范围。为此，两个申请者目前正在汇编的100万字语料库(苏格兰ICE；包括各种登记册)将首先得到加强，自动创建和手动检查音位注释(使用WebMAUS工具)，自动创建和手动检查词性标记(使用TreeTagger)。随后，我们将分析经过充分注释的SSE语料库，从Schneider(2004：1131-1137)列出的179个语音-音素特征中分析SSE中描述的分段特征，这些特征的设计是为了能够对世界各地的英语变体进行大规模的比较，以及在eWAVE中使用的235个特征中的53个形态句法特征，用于比较在SSE中出现的世界英语变体。对于所有特征，将分析区域分布、男女使用情况以及不同语域/文本类型之间的差异。因此，本文将首次在实证数据的基础上，全面描述上级英语的语音和形态句法特征及其变化。这将使上交所能够与其他世界范围内的英语变体进行比较。

The linguistic situation in Scotland is complex including Scottish Gaelic, a language spoken primarily in the Hebrides by about 1.1 % of the Scottish population, and two English-based languages: Scots and Scottish Standard English (SSE). The grammar of Scottish Standard English is often assumed to be largely shared with the standard variety of English spoken in the rest of Britain and its defining features are usually described in the area of phonetics and phonology. Descriptions of SSE syntax and morphology typically refer to its characteristic features as borrowings from Scots, just as differences in SSE usage across regional and social speaker groups are typically explained by differing degrees of "concessions to Scots". This propensity to explain all differences between SSE grammar and that of other English standard varieties with borrowing from Scots has so far effectively precluded the description of the grammatical features that 'belong' to and characterise SSE and that show regional and register variation within the variety. It is the aim of the project to describe the grammatical and phonological characteristics of Scottish Standard English as well as their range of (co-)variability across registers. To this end, the one-million-word corpus (ICE Scotland; including various registers) that is currently being compiled by the two applicants, will first be enhanced with automatically created and manually checked phonemic annotations (using the tool WebMAUS) and automatically created and manually checked POS tagging (using the TreeTagger). Subsequently, the fully annotated corpus of SSE will be analysed for the segmental features described to occur in SSE out of the 179 phonetic-phonological features listed by Schneider (2004: 1131-1137) that were devised to allow a large-scale comparison of world-wide varieties of English as well as the 53 morphosyntactic features out of the 235 features used in eWAVE for the comparison of world-wide varieties of English that were attested to occur in SSE. For all features, the regional distribution, usage by the two genders and the variation across registers/text types will be analysed. Thus, for the first time, the phonological and morphosyntactic features of SSE and their variation will be described comprehensively and based on empirical data. This will allow the comparison of SSE with the other world-wide varieties of English.