The Interplay between Immune Cells and Staphylococcus aureus in Kidney Infections

葡萄球菌(S.)金黄色葡萄球菌是一种细菌，主要在约30%的健康人群的皮肤和粘膜中定居，但也会导致一些感染，例如皮肤感染，在正常情况下，免疫系统很容易控制这种感染。尽管如此，金黄色葡萄球菌可以引起严重的危及生命的全身感染，通常是由于导管等血管进入装置或皮肤脓肿破裂。此外，细菌对抗生素的耐药性越来越强，给患者的治疗带来了更大的困难。金黄色葡萄球菌的全身性感染常常会导致器官衰竭，肾脏通常会受到影响。肾脏是一个非常重要的器官，它由不同的解剖结构和不同的细胞类型组成，以维持例如排泄废物的功能，在感染期间可能会受到影响。但在金黄色葡萄球菌感染中，肾脏的哪个部位和哪些细胞受到影响，以及细菌是如何进入肾脏的，我们完全不知道。吞噬细胞-中性粒细胞和单核/巨噬细胞-主要是免疫系统中清除细菌的第一个细胞。因此，更详细地研究这些细胞与金黄色葡萄球菌之间的相互作用以及它们在病原体传播到肾脏中的作用是非常有意义的。在系统性金黄色葡萄球菌感染期间，大多数细菌都被肝脏巨噬细胞捕获并清除，然而，大约10%的细菌能够克服这种免疫机制并传播到其他器官，特别是肾脏。一种可能性是，一旦细菌从肝脏巨噬细胞中逃脱，它们就会被中性粒细胞识别，并通过特洛伊木马在这些细胞中通过血液传输到其他器官。腹膜腔中的巨噬细胞是一种可以渗透到内部器官的细胞类型，它为金黄色葡萄球菌传播到肾脏提供了第二种可能性，因为我的初步数据显示，在系统性金黄色葡萄球菌感染中，细菌也在腹膜腔中生长。这项建议的主要目的是研究金黄色葡萄球菌如何传播到肾脏，以及中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞在这一过程中扮演的角色。已经建立的系统性金黄色葡萄球菌感染的小鼠模型结合双光子活体显微镜将在体内显示细菌到达肾脏哪些区域的时间点。不同的报告或敲除小鼠将提供有关免疫细胞贡献的信息。该项目将为系统和肾脏金黄色葡萄球菌感染的发病机制提供新的见解，并确定向肾脏传播的机制，这些机制构成调节免疫过程的基础，从而产生新的治疗方案。重要的是要了解金黄色葡萄球菌肾脏感染是如何发生的，以开发可以防止这一过程并使患者免于器官衰竭的药物。

Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a bacterium that colonizes mostly the skin and mucosae of around 30 % of the healthy population but can cause some infection for example of the skin, which can easily be managed by the immune system under normal conditions. Albeit, S. aureus can cause severe life-threatening systemic infections often due to vascular access devices as catheters or rupture of skin abscesses. Additionally, the bacterium is developing more and more resistance against antibiotics resulting in more difficulties in patients´ treatment. Frequently, systemic S. aureus infectious result in organ failure and the kidneys are commonly affected. The kidney is a very important organ that is comprised of different anatomical structures with different cell types to maintain functions as e.g. the excretion of waste, which can be affected during infections. But which part of the kidneys and which cells are affected in S. aureus infections as well as how the bacteria entering the kidneys is completely unknow. Phagocytes – neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages – are mainly the first cells of the immune systems that eliminate bacteria. Therefore, it is of great interest to investigate the interplay between these cells with S. aureus and their role in dissemination of the pathogen to the kidneys in more detail. During systemic S. aureus infections, most bacteria are getting caught and eliminated by liver macrophages, however, around 10 % are able to overcome that immune mechanism and spread to other organs, especially the kidneys. One possibility is that as soon as the bacteria escape from liver macrophages they are recognized by neutrophils and transported in these cells in a Trojan Horse via the blood stream to other organs. Macrophages in the peritoneal cavity, a cell type that can infiltrate inner organs, present a second possibility for dissemination of S. aureus to the kidneys, as my preliminary data show that in systemic S. aureus infections the bacteria also grow in the peritoneal cavity.The main aim of this proposal is to investigate how S. aureus disseminates to the kidneys and which role neutrophils and macrophages play in this process. An already established mouse model of systemic S. aureus infection in combination with 2-photon intravital microscopy will show in vivo at what time point bacteria arrive in which areas of the kidneys. Different reporter or knock out mice will provide information about the contribution of immune cells. This project will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of systemic and renal S. aureus infections and identify dissemination mechanisms to the kidney that constitute a basis for modulation of immunological processes leading to new options for therapy. It is important to understand how Staphylococcus aureus kidney infections occurs to develop drugs that can prevent this process and save patients from organ failure.