The Incarnation of God in the Age of Globalization. Marx's critique of economics in Enrique Dussel’s thinking and the draft of a structural format of Christology and Soteriology

大多数目前的基督论草案阐明了神的化身及其对拯救的意义的历史化和个人化的方面。这些草案，如果有的话，只是略微讨论了基督教福音与剥削和压迫的结构性现象的相关性，在这种现象下，特别是所谓的“第三世界”国家遭受了痛苦。因此，系统地否定生活的语境被忽视了。解放神学在这一发现中认识到了一个结构性问题，根据这一发现，古典神学没有足够的类别来批评贫穷和压迫。这就是为什么经典神学不能以任何令人信服的形式表达信仰的救赎承诺。在这一点上，阿根廷裔墨西哥解放哲学家恩里克·杜塞尔对马克思的创新接受为神学领域打开了新的视角。他用马克思的“活劳动”范畴分析了穷人的现实，而这一点在资本的观点上是一贯被否定的。在马克思之外，杜塞尔试图在一个积极的、神圣的社区草案中，在方法论上建立对资本主义的批判，其圣经的参照点是耶稣对上帝王国的宣告。他对圣经中的救恩承诺的富有成效的处理，能够开启一种新的系统神学方法，从结构上打开上帝化身的神学意义，从而补充个人主义的方法。到目前为止，杜塞尔的全部作品主要是从哲学-伦理学方面进行讨论。该研究项目的目的一方面是探索杜塞尔对马克思的接受，这一点在很大程度上只在西班牙出版物中才能找到。另一方面，本课题旨在以此为出发点，系统地、神学地阐述杜塞尔解放哲学的意义。特别是杜塞尔的“社区”这一全面范畴，它主张特别是穷人的生命权，将为基督论和经世论的结构形式的发展带来丰硕成果。在这里，人性化形成了范畴框架，创新地重新定义了神的化身得救的普遍意义。这种重新定义使神学能够以一种适当的方式从根本上与现实世界联系起来。这样，就有可能以一种批判性地参照现实的方式具体化和使基督论和经世论的考虑看起来是可信的。这种结构性的方法是对经典的基督论和经世论的补充，一方面能够实现对非人性机制的充分认识和感知，并阐述它们真正的神学意义。另一方面，这种新的形式特别适合于说明基督教神学与当今全球化世界的主要问题的相关性。

Most current Christological drafts articulate historicizing and individualizing aspects of the Incarnation of God and its significance for salvation. These drafts, if at all, only marginally discuss the relevance of the Christian gospel for the structural phenomena of exploitation and oppression, under which especially the countries of the so-called “Third World” suffer. Thus, contexts which systemically negate life are disregarded. The Theology of Liberation recognizes a structural problem in this finding, according to which the classical theology has no adequate categories for the criticism of poverty and oppression. That is why classical theology cannot express faith’s promise of salvation in any convincing form.At this point, the innovative Marx reception of the Argentinian-Mexican liberation philosopher Enrique Dussel opens new perspectives for the field of theology. Using Marx’s category of “living labour”, he analyses the reality of the poor, which is consistently negated from the point of view of capital. Beyond Marx, Dussel tries to methodologically establish the critique of capitalism in a positive, divinely ordained draft of community whose biblical point of reference is Jesus’ proclamation of the Kingdom of God. His productive handling of the biblical promise of salvation is able to initiate a new approach for systematic theology, which structurally opens up the soteriological significance of God’s incarnation and thus complements the individualistic approaches.So far, Dussel’s oeuvre has mainly been discussed with regard to philosophical-ethical aspects. The aim of the research project is, on the one hand, to explore Dussel’s reception of Marx, which is for the most part only available in Spanish publications. On the other hand, the project aims to systematically and theologically elaborate on the significance of Dussel’s philosophy of liberation from this starting point. In particular, Dussel’s comprehensive category of “community”, which claims the right to life especially for the poor, is to be made fruitful for the development of a structural format of Christology and Soteriology. Here humanization forms the categorial framework for an innovative redefinition of the universal meaning of the salvation of God’s incarnation. This redefinition enables theology to fundamentally relate to the actual world in an adequate manner. Thus, it becomes possible to concretize and make the Christological and Soteriological considerations plausible in a way that critically refers to reality.Such a structural approach, which is complementary to classical Christology und Soteriology, is, on the one hand, able to achieve an adequate awareness and perception of mechanisms of inhumanity and to elaborate on their genuinely theological significance. On the other hand, this new format is especially appropriate to illustrate the relevance of Christian theology for the major questions of today’s globalized world.