Gendering Fascism: Visual Propaganda in Wartime Japan

性别法西斯主义：战时日本的视觉宣传

• 批准号: 398020202
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Andrea Germer, Ph.D.
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl Modernes Japan
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/398020202?language=en
• 关键词: Gendering; Fascism; Visual; Propaganda; Wartime

This empirical and theoretical inquiry probes the gendered aesthetics of propaganda in Japanese illustrated magazines that targeted overseas and domestic audiences during the Fifteen-Year War (1931–1945). Propaganda magazines contributed to the making of a fascist imaginary while also sharing in the transcultural trajectories of modernist aesthetics of the time. This project traces the gendered and transcultural iconographies of cutting-edge photographic propaganda magazines and relates them to their contemporary European, Soviet and US-American models and counterparts. Theory-driven research into the gendered and sexualized fantasies of European fascisms and their mediated visual constructions call for corresponding investigations into the gendering of fascism in the Japanese case. The chosen samples for this investigation are the overseas magazines NIPPON, FRONT and Manshū Gurafu, and the domestic magazines Shashin Shūhō and Hōdō Shashin. Some had particularly high circulation and close government ties while others can be seen as trailblazing modern propaganda methods. The analysis of these magazines revolves around the ways in which visual presentations of gender in particular, but also of race, ethnicity, culture and other categories of differentiation were employed to 'write' a multi-faceted and sometimes contradictory fascist 'script'. Drawing on theories and research both in Japanese and European histories of fascisms, this qualitative media analysis links the relations of a) fascism and modernity, and b) propaganda and visuality, to the ways in which ideologies were visually constructed and transmitted through intersecting categories of differentiation (gender, race, culture).This project aims to:1) identify media and communication strategies in visual propaganda;2) theorize gendered representations in the course of the escalating war; and3) provide an intersectional discussion of the findings in conjunction with theories of fascism, race, visuality and gender. This project entails the creation of a digital database of illustrated magazines. It serves as an anchor for two PhD dissertations that map the print mediascape (Appadurai 2008) of Japanese wartime propaganda. In addition, each dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of one magazine, extracting and distilling the prevalent and recurring visual tropes. These may include gendered depictions of the 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' or cultural and scientific racisms that carry fascist ideologies. Investigators will also pay close attention to the invisibilities produced in magazines, such as the relative visual absence of the Emperor in war propaganda.Co-operators in the project are invited to contribute to methods and student workshops, to one symposium, and to a planned collection of essays on the topic of ‘Gendering Fascism’. Towards the end of the project, an exhibition of visual propaganda will be curated as a form of community outreach.

本研究以日本十五年战争（1931-1945）期间的插画杂志为研究对象，从理论与实证两方面探讨其宣传的性别美学。宣传杂志有助于法西斯想象的形成，同时也分享了当时现代主义美学的跨文化轨迹。该项目追踪了尖端摄影宣传杂志的性别和跨文化图像，并将其与当代欧洲，苏联和美国的模特和同行联系起来。对欧洲法西斯主义的性别化和性化幻想及其介导的视觉结构的理论驱动的研究要求对日本法西斯主义的性别化进行相应的调查。本研究所选取的样本是海外杂志《NIPPON》、《FRONT》和《Manshuanggurafu》，以及国内杂志《Shashin Shuhho》和《Hōdao Shashin》。 其中一些具有特别高的发行量和密切的政府关系，而另一些则可以被视为开创性的现代宣传方法。对这些杂志的分析围绕着如何利用视觉呈现，特别是性别，但也包括种族、族裔、文化和其他类别的差异，来“编写”一个多方面的，有时是矛盾的法西斯“剧本”。借鉴日本和欧洲法西斯历史的理论和研究，这种定性的媒体分析将a）法西斯主义和现代性，以及B）宣传和视觉性的关系与意识形态通过交叉的分化类别视觉构建和传播的方式联系起来（性别、种族、文化）。该项目旨在：1）确定视觉宣传中的媒体和传播战略; 2）在不断升级的战争过程中将性别表征理论化; 3）结合法西斯主义、种族、视觉和性别理论对研究结果进行交叉讨论。 该项目需要建立一个插图杂志的数字数据库。它作为两篇博士论文的锚，绘制了日本战时宣传的平面媒体景观（Appadurai 2008）。此外，每篇论文都对一本杂志进行了深入的分析，提取和提炼了流行和反复出现的视觉比喻。这些可能包括“大东亚共荣圈”的性别歧视或带有法西斯意识形态的文化和科学种族主义。调查人员还将密切关注杂志上的邀请，例如天皇在战争宣传中的相对缺席。该项目的合作者被邀请为方法和学生研讨会、一个专题讨论会以及一个计划中的关于“性别法西斯主义”主题的论文集做出贡献。在项目接近尾声时，将策划一个视觉宣传展览，作为社区外联的一种形式。