The Jewish Quarter of Regensburg. Archaeological analysis of the excavations at Neupfarrplatz 1995-1998

雷根斯堡的犹太社区是中世纪德国最古老、最重要的社区之一。但在1519年2月21日雷根斯堡市议会决定彻底驱逐所有犹太人经过几个世纪的发展，犹太区在驱逐期间和驱逐后不久几乎完全被摧毁。早在1931年，阿道夫·施迈策就试图填补关于雷根斯堡犹太区形状的知识空白。他成功地在城市结构中重建了犹太区的轮廓，犹太区的核心位于今天的新广场。然而，在1995年至1998年期间对3000多平方米的地区进行的大规模考古调查中，提供了关于犹太区地形的全新结果。由于广场的重新设计，挖掘是不可避免的。到目前为止，这些科学发现只以一些初步报告的形式发表。最突出的是在新教堂以西发现的犹太教堂（1540年祝圣）。在罗马式和哥特式时期的几个建设和修改阶段的验证对中世纪犹太宗教建筑的形象做出了重大贡献。保存完好的酒窖和大约40个其他地区建筑的建筑足迹有可能大大丰富中世纪和早期现代犹太社区物质文化的知识。近年来，公众和研究界对犹太考古学的兴趣日益浓厚。Regensburger的发现和大规模考古记录的语料与补充科隆、维也纳、埃尔福特、法兰克福、施佩尔和沃尔姆斯等城市现有的但非常不同的考古来源所描绘的画面高度相关。挖掘记录和大约400箱考古材料必须进行调查。另外30个托盘的切割石头储存在雷根斯堡市历史博物馆的仓库里。该项目的一个重要组成部分是一个新开发的概念，涉及挖掘和建筑文件的数字汇编以及三维重建。对Neupfarrplatz发掘的完整分析有望带来新的见解，特别是与中世纪雷根斯堡犹太教书面资料的同时评估。

The Jewish community in Regensburg was one of the oldest and most important in medieval Germany. But on February 21, 1519 the Regensburg city council decided the complete expulsion of all Jews. The Jewish district, grown over centuries, was almost completely destroyed during and shortly after the eviction. Already in 1931 Adolf Schmetzer tried to close the knowledge gaps concerning the shape of the Regensburg Jewish quarter. He achieved to reconstruct a still relevant outline of the Jewish quarter within the urban fabric, whose core was located at the present-day Neupfarrplatz. However, completely new results were provided on the topography of the Jewish quarter in the course of large-scaled archaeological investigations between 1995 and 1998 on an area to more than 3000 square metres. The excavations became inevitable due to a redesign of the square. So far these scientific findings have only been published in form of some preliminary reports. Outstanding is the discovery of the synagogue west of the Neupfarrkirche (consecrated 1540). The verification of several construction and modification phases pointing in Romanesque and Gothic times made a significant contribution to the image of medieval Jewish religious architecture. The excellently preserved cellars and about 40 building footprints of other district buildings have the potential to enrich substantially the knowledge of the medieval and early modern Jewish communities‘ material culture. In recent years a growing interest on Jewish archeology can be noted among the public and within the research community. The Regensburger corpus of finds and large-scale archaeological records are highly relevant to supplement the picture drawn by the existing, but very varying archaeological sources available in cities such as Cologne, Vienna, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Speyer and Worms. The excavation records and about 400 boxes of archaeological material have to be investigated. Additional 30 pallets of cut stones are stored in the depots of the Historical Museum of the City of Regensburg. An essential part of the project is a newly developed concept concerning the digital compilation of the excavation and building documentation as well as a three-dimensional reconstruction. The complete analysis oft the excavations at Neupfarrplatz promises new insights, especially in connection with the simultaneous evaluation of the written sources for Regensburger Judaism in the Middle Ages.