The Jewish Quarter of Regensburg. Archaeological analysis of the excavations at Neupfarrplatz 1995-1998

雷根斯堡的犹太社区是中世纪德国最古老和最重要的社区之一。但在1519年2月21日，雷根斯堡市议会决定完全驱逐所有犹太人。经过几个世纪的发展，犹太地区在驱逐期间和之后不久几乎完全被摧毁。早在1931年，阿道夫·施梅策就试图弥合关于雷根斯堡犹太人聚居区形状的知识空白。他实现了在城市结构中重建犹太人居住区的仍然相关的轮廓，其核心位于今天的NeupfarrPlaz。然而，在1995至1998年间对3000多平方米的面积进行大规模考古调查的过程中，提供了关于犹太居民区地形的全新结果。由于广场的重新设计，挖掘成为不可避免的。到目前为止，这些科学发现只以一些初步报告的形式发表。突出的是在Neupfarrkirche(被奉为圣物的1540)西边发现了犹太教堂。对罗马式和哥特式时期几个建造和改造阶段的考证，对中世纪犹太宗教建筑的形象做出了重大贡献。保存完好的地窖和其他地区建筑的大约40个建筑足迹有可能极大地丰富中世纪和早期现代犹太社区的物质文化知识。近年来，公众和研究界对犹太考古的兴趣与日俱增。雷根斯堡的发现语料库和大规模考古记录与科隆、维也纳、埃尔福、法兰克福、斯佩耶和沃姆斯等城市现有但非常多样化的考古资料所描绘的图景具有很高的相关性。挖掘记录和大约400箱考古材料必须进行调查。雷根斯堡市历史博物馆的仓库里还储存着另外30块切割过的石头。该项目的一个重要部分是关于挖掘和建筑文件的数字汇编以及三维重建的新概念。对NeupfarrPlatz发掘的完整分析提供了新的见解，特别是在同时评估中世纪雷根斯堡犹太教的书面资料方面。

The Jewish community in Regensburg was one of the oldest and most important in medieval Germany. But on February 21, 1519 the Regensburg city council decided the complete expulsion of all Jews. The Jewish district, grown over centuries, was almost completely destroyed during and shortly after the eviction. Already in 1931 Adolf Schmetzer tried to close the knowledge gaps concerning the shape of the Regensburg Jewish quarter. He achieved to reconstruct a still relevant outline of the Jewish quarter within the urban fabric, whose core was located at the present-day Neupfarrplatz. However, completely new results were provided on the topography of the Jewish quarter in the course of large-scaled archaeological investigations between 1995 and 1998 on an area to more than 3000 square metres. The excavations became inevitable due to a redesign of the square. So far these scientific findings have only been published in form of some preliminary reports. Outstanding is the discovery of the synagogue west of the Neupfarrkirche (consecrated 1540). The verification of several construction and modification phases pointing in Romanesque and Gothic times made a significant contribution to the image of medieval Jewish religious architecture. The excellently preserved cellars and about 40 building footprints of other district buildings have the potential to enrich substantially the knowledge of the medieval and early modern Jewish communities‘ material culture. In recent years a growing interest on Jewish archeology can be noted among the public and within the research community. The Regensburger corpus of finds and large-scale archaeological records are highly relevant to supplement the picture drawn by the existing, but very varying archaeological sources available in cities such as Cologne, Vienna, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Speyer and Worms. The excavation records and about 400 boxes of archaeological material have to be investigated. Additional 30 pallets of cut stones are stored in the depots of the Historical Museum of the City of Regensburg. An essential part of the project is a newly developed concept concerning the digital compilation of the excavation and building documentation as well as a three-dimensional reconstruction. The complete analysis oft the excavations at Neupfarrplatz promises new insights, especially in connection with the simultaneous evaluation of the written sources for Regensburger Judaism in the Middle Ages.