Below the radar of legal code. Extra-judicial, administrative punishment for social and political deviance in Soviet Union 1917-1953.

其目的是证明，布尔什维克寻求超越法律、审判、判决和惩罚的社会纪律和社会防卫（dsamfense Sociale）的新形式。它们对社会环境领域给予了前所未有的关注，并在法典的监视下对人口中可能具有政治抵抗性和社会越轨行为的部分进行了结构性控制：1922年，在特别大会的协助下，成立了一个新的法外行政国家机构。这个新机构既没有补充法典，也没有在同一层面上规避法典，而是在其雷达之下运作。一个特殊的、基础广泛的法外制度由此发展起来。随着集体化的开始，然后在大恐怖时期，根据需要，情况和政治，其他具有扩大或限制权力的特殊机构被集中在特别议会周围：1929-1936年的各种三驾马车，然后是所谓的富农三驾马车（第00447号命令），国家三驾马车，警察三驾马车和1937-1938年的德voikas。把重点放在环境和结构控制上，并不是为了缓和权力，也不是为了保护或补充社会主义法制。相反，它以社会防卫和忠诚建设的名义，在纯行政行为的基础上，系统地将国家干预权力扩展到刑法领域之外，其特点是“对被告存疑”原则。其目的是创造一套工具，用以建立对社会领域的主权权力，这一领域以前从未以国家组织的形式和程度被渗透。预防发展成为一种权力手段。这是一种新的惩罚技术的问题，它将阻止任何建立“叛徒”的倾向，这些人将从社会内部进行打击（福柯）。忠诚的一代，而不是反对私生子的斗争是最重要的。从1917年到1953年，这个法外行政系统的结构、运作和过渡是研究项目的对象。关于这个问题的专著正在计划中。

The goal is to bring to proof, that the Bolsheviks sought new forms of social discipline and social defense (Défense Sociale) beyond the law, trials, sentences and punishment. They gave unprecedented attention to the area of social milieu and structural control of potentially political resistant and socially deviant sections of the population under the radar of legal code: In 1922 with the Special Assembly a new extra-judicial, administrative state body was created. This new body did not supplement the legal code or circumvent it on the same level, but instead operated below its radar. A special, broad-based extra-judicial system developed from this. With the beginning of collectivisation and then again in the Great Terror, other special bodies with extended or limited powers were grouped around the Special Assembly, depending on need, situation and politics: The various Troikas of 1929-1936 and then the so-called Kulak Troikas (order № 00447), National Troikas, Police Troikas, and Dvoikas of 1937-1938. The focus on milieu and structural control was not intended to moderate power or to protect or supplement the codified socialist legal system. On the contrary, in the name of social defense and loyalty-building, it was about a systematic expansion of state intervention powers beyond areas of criminal law on the basis of a purely administrative act, which was characterized by the principle of “in case of doubt against the accused.” The aim was – so the thesis – to create a set of instruments with which to build up sovereign power over an area of society which had never before been penetrated to the extent and in the form organized by the state. Prophylaxis advanced to become a means of power. It was a question of a new technology of punishment, which would have prevented any tendencies to establish "traitors" who would strike their blows from within society (Foucault). Loyalty generation and not the fight against illegitimacy was in the foreground. The structure, functioning and transition of this extra-judicial, administrative system from 1917 to 1953 is the object of the research project. A monography about this issue is planed.