Below the radar of legal code. Extra-judicial, administrative punishment for social and political deviance in Soviet Union 1917-1953.

在法律法规的雷达之下。

• 批准号: 401774175
• 负责人: Privatdozent Dr. Marc Junge
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl für Osteuropäische Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/401774175?language=en
• 关键词: Below; radar; legal; code.; Extra

The goal is to bring to proof, that the Bolsheviks sought new forms of social discipline and social defense (Défense Sociale) beyond the law, trials, sentences and punishment. They gave unprecedented attention to the area of social milieu and structural control of potentially political resistant and socially deviant sections of the population under the radar of legal code: In 1922 with the Special Assembly a new extra-judicial, administrative state body was created. This new body did not supplement the legal code or circumvent it on the same level, but instead operated below its radar. A special, broad-based extra-judicial system developed from this. With the beginning of collectivisation and then again in the Great Terror, other special bodies with extended or limited powers were grouped around the Special Assembly, depending on need, situation and politics: The various Troikas of 1929-1936 and then the so-called Kulak Troikas (order № 00447), National Troikas, Police Troikas, and Dvoikas of 1937-1938. The focus on milieu and structural control was not intended to moderate power or to protect or supplement the codified socialist legal system. On the contrary, in the name of social defense and loyalty-building, it was about a systematic expansion of state intervention powers beyond areas of criminal law on the basis of a purely administrative act, which was characterized by the principle of “in case of doubt against the accused.” The aim was – so the thesis – to create a set of instruments with which to build up sovereign power over an area of society which had never before been penetrated to the extent and in the form organized by the state. Prophylaxis advanced to become a means of power. It was a question of a new technology of punishment, which would have prevented any tendencies to establish "traitors" who would strike their blows from within society (Foucault). Loyalty generation and not the fight against illegitimacy was in the foreground. The structure, functioning and transition of this extra-judicial, administrative system from 1917 to 1953 is the object of the research project. A monography about this issue is planed.

其目的是证明，布尔什维克寻求超越法律、审判、判决和惩罚的新形式的社会纪律和社会防卫。他们前所未有地关注社会环境领域，以及在法律的雷达下对潜在的政治抵抗和社会越轨阶层的结构控制：1922年，特别大会成立了一个新的司法外行政国家机构。 这个新机构没有补充法律的守则，也没有在同一层面上规避它，而是在其雷达下运作。一个特殊的、基础广泛的法外制度由此发展起来。随着集体化的开始以及大恐怖时期的再次出现，根据需要、形势和政治，其他拥有或大或小权力的特殊机构围绕着特别议会进行组合：1929-1936年的各种三人组，然后是所谓的富农三人组（第00447号命令）、国家三人组、警察三人组和1937-1938年的Dvoikas。环境和结构控制的重点 并不是为了缓和权力或保护或补充编纂的社会主义法律的制度。相反，它以社会防卫和建立忠诚的名义，在纯粹的行政行为的基础上系统地扩大国家干预权力，使之超出刑法领域，其特点是“在对被告有怀疑的情况下”。其目的--也就是其论题--是要创造一套工具，用以在一个社会领域建立主权权力，这个社会领域以前从未以国家组织的形式和程度渗透过。预防发展成为一种权力手段。这是一个新的惩罚技术的问题，这将阻止任何倾向，建立“叛徒”谁会从社会内部打击他们的打击（福柯）。忠诚的一代，而不是反对非法性的斗争是最重要的。1917年至1953年这一司法外行政制度的结构、运作和过渡是本研究项目的对象。 计划就此问题撰写一部专著。